https://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Introduction&feed=atom&action=historyGalatia Channel:Introduction - Revision history2024-03-28T12:56:58ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.38.4https://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Introduction&diff=20190&oldid=prevAlan.Myers at 16:32, 24 August 20232023-08-24T16:32:10Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Galatia Channel Page}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Notes==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Notes==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Introduction&diff=20138&oldid=prevAlan.Myers: /* Crevasse-Splay Model */2023-08-23T15:36:18Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Crevasse-Splay Model</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Models applying modern deltaic processes to ancient rocks (e.g., Morgan and Shaver 1970<ref>Morgan, J.P., and R.H. Shaver, eds., 1970, Deltaic sedimentation, modern and ancient: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 15, 312 p.</ref>) were in vogue when the Galatia channel was first recognized. Being close at hand and thoroughly investigated, the Mississippi delta commanded the attention of American geologists. Explicitly or otherwise, authors had the Mississippi delta in mind as they explained coal-contemporaneous channels in the Illinois Basin. Leading the way were Johnson (1972)<ref>Johnson, D.O., 1972, Stratigraphic analysis of the interval between the Herrin (No. 6) Coal and the Piasa Limestone in southwestern Illinois: Urbana, University of Illinois, Ph.D. thesis, 105 p.</ref> and Allgaier and Hopkins (1975)<ref name=":3" />. Hopkins et al. (1979)<ref name=":2" /> referred to the Dykersburg and Energy Shales as crevasse-splay deposits derived from those channels. Summarizing earlier work, Nelson (1983, figure 8)<ref>Nelson, W.J., 1983, Geologic disturbances in Illinois coal seams: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 530, 47 p.</ref> illustrated Galatia channel environments, including levees, crevasse splays, and a bird-foot delta like that of the Mississippi ([[:File:C605-Figure-03.jpg|Figure 3]]). Nelson et al. (1987, p. 12–14)<ref>Nelson, W.J., P.J. DeMaris, and R.A. Bauer, 1987, The Hornsby district of low-sulfur Herrin Coal in central Illinois (Christian, Macoupin, Montgomery, and Sangamon Counties): Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 540, 40 p., 1 pl.</ref> departed slightly from previous scenarios, noting the lack of evidence for natural levees while continuing to place the coal and shale deposits within an overall deltaic setting. Similarly, Burk et al. (1987)<ref>Burk, M.K., M.P., Deshowitz, and J.E. Utgaard, 1987, Facies and depositional environments of the Energy Shale Member (Pennsylvanian) and their relationship to low-sulfur coal deposits in southern Illinois: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, no. 6, p. 1060–1067.</ref> continued to interpret the origin of the Energy Shale in terms of deltaic crevasse splays. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Models applying modern deltaic processes to ancient rocks (e.g., Morgan and Shaver 1970<ref>Morgan, J.P., and R.H. Shaver, eds., 1970, Deltaic sedimentation, modern and ancient: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 15, 312 p.</ref>) were in vogue when the Galatia channel was first recognized. Being close at hand and thoroughly investigated, the Mississippi delta commanded the attention of American geologists. Explicitly or otherwise, authors had the Mississippi delta in mind as they explained coal-contemporaneous channels in the Illinois Basin. Leading the way were Johnson (1972)<ref>Johnson, D.O., 1972, Stratigraphic analysis of the interval between the Herrin (No. 6) Coal and the Piasa Limestone in southwestern Illinois: Urbana, University of Illinois, Ph.D. thesis, 105 p.</ref> and Allgaier and Hopkins (1975)<ref name=":3" />. Hopkins et al. (1979)<ref name=":2" /> referred to the Dykersburg and Energy Shales as crevasse-splay deposits derived from those channels. Summarizing earlier work, Nelson (1983, figure 8)<ref>Nelson, W.J., 1983, Geologic disturbances in Illinois coal seams: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 530, 47 p.</ref> illustrated Galatia channel environments, including levees, crevasse splays, and a bird-foot delta like that of the Mississippi ([[:File:C605-Figure-03.jpg|Figure 3]]). Nelson et al. (1987, p. 12–14)<ref>Nelson, W.J., P.J. DeMaris, and R.A. Bauer, 1987, The Hornsby district of low-sulfur Herrin Coal in central Illinois (Christian, Macoupin, Montgomery, and Sangamon Counties): Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 540, 40 p., 1 pl.</ref> departed slightly from previous scenarios, noting the lack of evidence for natural levees while continuing to place the coal and shale deposits within an overall deltaic setting. Similarly, Burk et al. (1987)<ref>Burk, M.K., M.P., Deshowitz, and J.E. Utgaard, 1987, Facies and depositional environments of the Energy Shale Member (Pennsylvanian) and their relationship to low-sulfur coal deposits in southern Illinois: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, no. 6, p. 1060–1067.</ref> continued to interpret the origin of the Energy Shale in terms of deltaic crevasse splays. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><center><div><ul> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:C605-Figure-03.jpg|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">250px</del>|{{File:C605-Figure-03.jpg}}<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|left|thumb</del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><li style="display: inline-block;"> </ins>[[File:C605-Figure-03.jpg|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">thumb|left|500px</ins>|{{File:C605-Figure-03.jpg}}]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ul></div></center></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eggert (1982)<ref name=":4" /> and Eggert and Adams (1985)<ref name=":6" /> also explicitly related channel development in Indiana to the modern Mississippi delta. They envisioned the Galatia and associated channels as deltaic distributaries flanked by natural levees that frequently failed, spilling sediment-laden water into adjoining peat swamps. Eggert (1994)<ref name=":5" /> regarded the Galatia channel as part of a delta that prograded seaward during peat deposition (p. 14) and alluded to the Dykersburg Shale as lacustrine and overbank mud (p. 16). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eggert (1982)<ref name=":4" /> and Eggert and Adams (1985)<ref name=":6" /> also explicitly related channel development in Indiana to the modern Mississippi delta. They envisioned the Galatia and associated channels as deltaic distributaries flanked by natural levees that frequently failed, spilling sediment-laden water into adjoining peat swamps. Eggert (1994)<ref name=":5" /> regarded the Galatia channel as part of a delta that prograded seaward during peat deposition (p. 14) and alluded to the Dykersburg Shale as lacustrine and overbank mud (p. 16). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Archer and Kvale (1993)<ref>Archer, A.W., and E.P. Kvale, 1993, Origin of gray shale lithofacies (clastic wedges) in U.S. Midcontinent coal measures (Pennsylvanian): An alternate explanation: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 286, p. 181–192.</ref> and Archer et al. (1994<ref>Archer, A.W., H.R. Feldman, E.P. Kvale, and W.P. Lanier, 1994, Comparison of drier- to wetter-interval estuarine roof facies in the Eastern and Western Interior coal basins, USA: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 106, p. 171–185.</ref>, 1995<ref>Archer, A.W., G.J. Kuecher, and E.P. Kvale, 1995, The role of tidal-velocity asymmetries in the deposition of silty tidal rhythmites (Carboniferous, Eastern Interior Coal Basin, U.S.A.): Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 65A, p. 408–416.</ref>) represent the first major departure from the deltaic model in the Illinois Basin. These authors recognized rhythmic lamination and other tidal signatures in Illinois gray shale associated with low-sulfur coal. Thus, they placed deposits such as the Dykersburg Shale into estuarine environments rather than fluvially dominated deltas. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Archer and Kvale (1993)<ref>Archer, A.W., and E.P. Kvale, 1993, Origin of gray shale lithofacies (clastic wedges) in U.S. Midcontinent coal measures (Pennsylvanian): An alternate explanation: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 286, p. 181–192.</ref> and Archer et al. (1994<ref>Archer, A.W., H.R. Feldman, E.P. Kvale, and W.P. Lanier, 1994, Comparison of drier- to wetter-interval estuarine roof facies in the Eastern and Western Interior coal basins, USA: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 106, p. 171–185.</ref>, 1995<ref>Archer, A.W., G.J. Kuecher, and E.P. Kvale, 1995, The role of tidal-velocity asymmetries in the deposition of silty tidal rhythmites (Carboniferous, Eastern Interior Coal Basin, U.S.A.): Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 65A, p. 408–416.</ref>) represent the first major departure from the deltaic model in the Illinois Basin. These authors recognized rhythmic lamination and other tidal signatures in Illinois gray shale associated with low-sulfur coal. Thus, they placed deposits such as the Dykersburg Shale into estuarine environments rather than fluvially dominated deltas.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy==</div></td></tr>
</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Introduction&diff=20137&oldid=prevAlan.Myers at 15:35, 23 August 20232023-08-23T15:35:22Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On a global scale, assembly of the supercontinent of Pangaea was well underway by the Middle Pennsylvanian. Southwest of the Illinois Basin, plate collision had closed off the Arkoma Basin, and the Ouachita Mountains were rising (Houseknecht 1983)<ref>Houseknecht, D.W., ed., 1983, Tectonic– sedimentary evolution of the Arkoma Basin: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Midcontinent Section, v. 1, 119 p.</ref>. Tectonic activity was widespread throughout the Midcontinent, including the Illinois Basin (McBride and Nelson 1998)<ref name=":0" />. Plate reconstructions show the Illinois Basin close to, or slightly south of, the equator (Scotese 2010<ref>Scotese, C.R., 2010, Plate tectonic maps and continental drift animations, Late Carboniferous (306 Ma): <nowiki>http://www</nowiki>. scotese.com/late.htm (accessed April 24, 2013).</ref>; Blakey 2011<ref>Blakey, R., 2011, North American paleogeographic maps, Late Pennsylvanian (300 Ma): Flagstaff, Northern Arizona University, <nowiki>https://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/</nowiki> (accessed October 20, 2020). New version available at <nowiki>https://deep-timemaps.com</nowiki>.</ref>). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On a global scale, assembly of the supercontinent of Pangaea was well underway by the Middle Pennsylvanian. Southwest of the Illinois Basin, plate collision had closed off the Arkoma Basin, and the Ouachita Mountains were rising (Houseknecht 1983)<ref>Houseknecht, D.W., ed., 1983, Tectonic– sedimentary evolution of the Arkoma Basin: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Midcontinent Section, v. 1, 119 p.</ref>. Tectonic activity was widespread throughout the Midcontinent, including the Illinois Basin (McBride and Nelson 1998)<ref name=":0" />. Plate reconstructions show the Illinois Basin close to, or slightly south of, the equator (Scotese 2010<ref>Scotese, C.R., 2010, Plate tectonic maps and continental drift animations, Late Carboniferous (306 Ma): <nowiki>http://www</nowiki>. scotese.com/late.htm (accessed April 24, 2013).</ref>; Blakey 2011<ref>Blakey, R., 2011, North American paleogeographic maps, Late Pennsylvanian (300 Ma): Flagstaff, Northern Arizona University, <nowiki>https://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/</nowiki> (accessed October 20, 2020). New version available at <nowiki>https://deep-timemaps.com</nowiki>.</ref>). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:C605-Figure-02.jpg|thumb|{{File:C605-Figure-02.jpg}}]]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Springfield Coal Member<ref group="footnote">Classification differs among the three state geological surveys. Indiana and Illinois regard the Springfield as a formal member, whereas Kentucky classifies all coals informally as beds</ref> of the Carbondale Formation is of late Desmoinesian age ([[:File:C605-Figure-02.jpg|Figure 2]]), which is equivalent to the Asturian (Westphalian D) of Western Europe and to late Moscovian on the global time scale (Davydov et al. 2012<ref>Davydov, V.I., D. Korn, and M.D. Schmitz, 2012, The Carboniferous Period, in F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M.D. Schmitz, and G.M. Ogg, eds.,The geologic time scale 2012, v. 2: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 603–651.</ref>). It is informally known as No. 5 Coal in Illinois, Coal V in Indiana, and No. 9 Coal in western Kentucky. The Springfield is correlative with the Summit Coal of the Western Interior Basin and with the Middle Kittanning coal bed of the northern Appalachian Basin on the basis of physical stratigraphy (Wanless 1939),<ref>Wanless, H.R., 1939, Pennsylvanian correlations in the Eastern Interior and Appalachian coal fields: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 17, 130 p.</ref> palynology of the coal (Peppers 1996)<ref>Peppers, R.A., 1996, Palynological correlation of major Pennsylvanian chronostratigraphic boundaries in the Illinois and other coal basins: Geological Society of America, Memoir 188, 111 p. and chart.</ref> and conodonts (Heckel 2009) <ref>Heckel, P.H., 2009, Pennsylvanian cyclothems in Midcontinent North America as far-field effects of waxing and waning of Gondwana ice sheets: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, p. 275–289.</ref>and ammonoids (Work et al. 2009)<ref>Work, D.M., C.E. Mason, and R.H. Mapes, 2009, The Pennsylvanian ammonoid succession in the Appalachian basin, ''in'' S.F. Greb and D.R. Chesnut Jr., eds., Carboniferous of the Appalachian and Black Warrior Basins: Kentucky Geological Survey, Series 12, Special Publication 10, p. 71–77.</ref> in associated marine rocks. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Springfield Coal Member<ref group="footnote">Classification differs among the three state geological surveys. Indiana and Illinois regard the Springfield as a formal member, whereas Kentucky classifies all coals informally as beds</ref> of the Carbondale Formation is of late Desmoinesian age ([[:File:C605-Figure-02.jpg|Figure 2]]), which is equivalent to the Asturian (Westphalian D) of Western Europe and to late Moscovian on the global time scale (Davydov et al. 2012<ref>Davydov, V.I., D. Korn, and M.D. Schmitz, 2012, The Carboniferous Period, in F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M.D. Schmitz, and G.M. Ogg, eds.,The geologic time scale 2012, v. 2: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 603–651.</ref>). It is informally known as No. 5 Coal in Illinois, Coal V in Indiana, and No. 9 Coal in western Kentucky. The Springfield is correlative with the Summit Coal of the Western Interior Basin and with the Middle Kittanning coal bed of the northern Appalachian Basin on the basis of physical stratigraphy (Wanless 1939),<ref>Wanless, H.R., 1939, Pennsylvanian correlations in the Eastern Interior and Appalachian coal fields: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 17, 130 p.</ref> palynology of the coal (Peppers 1996)<ref>Peppers, R.A., 1996, Palynological correlation of major Pennsylvanian chronostratigraphic boundaries in the Illinois and other coal basins: Geological Society of America, Memoir 188, 111 p. and chart.</ref> and conodonts (Heckel 2009) <ref>Heckel, P.H., 2009, Pennsylvanian cyclothems in Midcontinent North America as far-field effects of waxing and waning of Gondwana ice sheets: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, p. 275–289.</ref>and ammonoids (Work et al. 2009)<ref>Work, D.M., C.E. Mason, and R.H. Mapes, 2009, The Pennsylvanian ammonoid succession in the Appalachian basin, ''in'' S.F. Greb and D.R. Chesnut Jr., eds., Carboniferous of the Appalachian and Black Warrior Basins: Kentucky Geological Survey, Series 12, Special Publication 10, p. 71–77.</ref> in associated marine rocks. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><center><div><ul> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:C605-Figure-02.jpg|thumb|left|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-02.jpg}}]]</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ul></div></center></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Springfield accounts for about 29% of remaining identified Illinois Basin resources and has been the most extensively mined coal seam in the Illinois Basin (Hatch and Affolter 2002)<ref>Hatch, J.R., and R.H. Affolter, 2002, Resource assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1625-D, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1625D.</ref>. The coal is high-volatile bituminous in rank and generally is bright-banded, having well developed cleat and lacking significant clastic partings. Thickness varies from about 3.9 to 4.9 ft (1.2 to 1.5 m) in most areas where the coal has been mined. Thicker coal, locally exceeding 9.8 ft (3 m), is confined to the flanks of the Galatia channel. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Springfield accounts for about 29% of remaining identified Illinois Basin resources and has been the most extensively mined coal seam in the Illinois Basin (Hatch and Affolter 2002)<ref>Hatch, J.R., and R.H. Affolter, 2002, Resource assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1625-D, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1625D.</ref>. The coal is high-volatile bituminous in rank and generally is bright-banded, having well developed cleat and lacking significant clastic partings. Thickness varies from about 3.9 to 4.9 ft (1.2 to 1.5 m) in most areas where the coal has been mined. Thicker coal, locally exceeding 9.8 ft (3 m), is confined to the flanks of the Galatia channel. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Previous Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Previous Research==</div></td></tr>
</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Introduction&diff=20136&oldid=prevAlan.Myers at 15:34, 23 August 20232023-08-23T15:34:00Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Geologic Setting==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Geologic Setting==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Illinois Basin, also called the Eastern Interior Basin, covers much of Illinois along with southwestern Indiana and part of western Kentucky in the east-central United States ([[:File:C605-Figure-01.jpg|Figure 1]]). The Illinois Basin is an interior cratonic basin that developed progressively throughout Paleozoic time (Leighton et al. 1991)<ref>Leighton, M.W., D.R. Kolata, D.F. Oltz, and J.J. Eidel, 1991, Interior cratonic basins: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 51, 819 p.</ref>. During the Pennsylvanian Period, widespread tectonic deformation took place in the Illinois Basin in response to the Ancestral Rocky Mountains orogeny (McBride and Nelson 1998)<ref name=":0">McBride, J.H., and W.J. Nelson, 1998, Style and origin of mid-Carboniferous deformation in the Illinois Basin, USA—Ancestral Rockies deformation: Tectonophysics, v. 305, p. 249–273.</ref> and perhaps flexural interactions with the Allegheny orogeny (Quinlan and Beaumont 1984)<ref>Quinlan, G.M., and C. Beaumont, 1984, Appalachian thrusting, lithospheric flexure, and the Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Eastern Interior of North America: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 21, no. 9, p. 973–996.</ref>. In Illinois, the La Salle Anticlinorium, Du Quoin Monocline, Salem and Louden Anticlines, and numerous smaller structures all were active during the Pennsylvanian. In fact, the Springfield Coal thins where it crosses the Louden Anticline and the southern part of the La Salle Anticlinorium ([[:File:C605-Plate-01.jpg|Plate 1]]), evidence that these structures were rising during peat accumulation. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Illinois Basin, also called the Eastern Interior Basin, covers much of Illinois along with southwestern Indiana and part of western Kentucky in the east-central United States ([[:File:C605-Figure-01.jpg|Figure 1]]). The Illinois Basin is an interior cratonic basin that developed progressively throughout Paleozoic time (Leighton et al. 1991)<ref>Leighton, M.W., D.R. Kolata, D.F. Oltz, and J.J. Eidel, 1991, Interior cratonic basins: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 51, 819 p.</ref>. During the Pennsylvanian Period, widespread tectonic deformation took place in the Illinois Basin in response to the Ancestral Rocky Mountains orogeny (McBride and Nelson 1998)<ref name=":0">McBride, J.H., and W.J. Nelson, 1998, Style and origin of mid-Carboniferous deformation in the Illinois Basin, USA—Ancestral Rockies deformation: Tectonophysics, v. 305, p. 249–273.</ref> and perhaps flexural interactions with the Allegheny orogeny (Quinlan and Beaumont 1984)<ref>Quinlan, G.M., and C. Beaumont, 1984, Appalachian thrusting, lithospheric flexure, and the Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Eastern Interior of North America: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 21, no. 9, p. 973–996.</ref>. In Illinois, the La Salle Anticlinorium, Du Quoin Monocline, Salem and Louden Anticlines, and numerous smaller structures all were active during the Pennsylvanian. In fact, the Springfield Coal thins where it crosses the Louden Anticline and the southern part of the La Salle Anticlinorium ([[:File:C605-Plate-01.jpg|Plate 1]]), evidence that these structures were rising during peat accumulation. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:C605-Figure-01.jpg|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">250px</del>|{{File:C605-Figure-01.jpg}}<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|right|thumb</del>]][[File:C605-Plate-01.jpg|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">250px</del>|{{File:C605-Plate-01.jpg}}<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|left|thumb</del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><center><div><ul> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><li style="display: inline-block;"> </ins>[[File:C605-Figure-01.jpg|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">thumb|left|500px</ins>|{{File:C605-Figure-01.jpg}}]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><li style="display: inline-block;"> </ins>[[File:C605-Plate-01.jpg|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">thumb|left|500px</ins>|{{File:C605-Plate-01.jpg}}]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ul></div></center></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On a global scale, assembly of the supercontinent of Pangaea was well underway by the Middle Pennsylvanian. Southwest of the Illinois Basin, plate collision had closed off the Arkoma Basin, and the Ouachita Mountains were rising (Houseknecht 1983)<ref>Houseknecht, D.W., ed., 1983, Tectonic– sedimentary evolution of the Arkoma Basin: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Midcontinent Section, v. 1, 119 p.</ref>. Tectonic activity was widespread throughout the Midcontinent, including the Illinois Basin (McBride and Nelson 1998)<ref name=":0" />. Plate reconstructions show the Illinois Basin close to, or slightly south of, the equator (Scotese 2010<ref>Scotese, C.R., 2010, Plate tectonic maps and continental drift animations, Late Carboniferous (306 Ma): <nowiki>http://www</nowiki>. scotese.com/late.htm (accessed April 24, 2013).</ref>; Blakey 2011<ref>Blakey, R., 2011, North American paleogeographic maps, Late Pennsylvanian (300 Ma): Flagstaff, Northern Arizona University, <nowiki>https://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/</nowiki> (accessed October 20, 2020). New version available at <nowiki>https://deep-timemaps.com</nowiki>.</ref>). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On a global scale, assembly of the supercontinent of Pangaea was well underway by the Middle Pennsylvanian. Southwest of the Illinois Basin, plate collision had closed off the Arkoma Basin, and the Ouachita Mountains were rising (Houseknecht 1983)<ref>Houseknecht, D.W., ed., 1983, Tectonic– sedimentary evolution of the Arkoma Basin: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Midcontinent Section, v. 1, 119 p.</ref>. Tectonic activity was widespread throughout the Midcontinent, including the Illinois Basin (McBride and Nelson 1998)<ref name=":0" />. Plate reconstructions show the Illinois Basin close to, or slightly south of, the equator (Scotese 2010<ref>Scotese, C.R., 2010, Plate tectonic maps and continental drift animations, Late Carboniferous (306 Ma): <nowiki>http://www</nowiki>. scotese.com/late.htm (accessed April 24, 2013).</ref>; Blakey 2011<ref>Blakey, R., 2011, North American paleogeographic maps, Late Pennsylvanian (300 Ma): Flagstaff, Northern Arizona University, <nowiki>https://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/</nowiki> (accessed October 20, 2020). New version available at <nowiki>https://deep-timemaps.com</nowiki>.</ref>). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:C605-Figure-02.jpg|thumb|{{File:C605-Figure-02.jpg}}]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:C605-Figure-02.jpg|thumb|{{File:C605-Figure-02.jpg}}]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Introduction&diff=20134&oldid=prevAlan.Myers: /* Geologic Setting */2023-08-23T15:27:00Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Geologic Setting</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:C605-Figure-01.jpg|250px|{{File:C605-Figure-01.jpg}}|right|thumb]][[File:C605-Plate-01.jpg|250px|{{File:C605-Plate-01.jpg}}|left|thumb]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:C605-Figure-01.jpg|250px|{{File:C605-Figure-01.jpg}}|right|thumb]][[File:C605-Plate-01.jpg|250px|{{File:C605-Plate-01.jpg}}|left|thumb]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On a global scale, assembly of the supercontinent of Pangaea was well underway by the Middle Pennsylvanian. Southwest of the Illinois Basin, plate collision had closed off the Arkoma Basin, and the Ouachita Mountains were rising (Houseknecht 1983)<ref>Houseknecht, D.W., ed., 1983, Tectonic– sedimentary evolution of the Arkoma Basin: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Midcontinent Section, v. 1, 119 p.</ref>. Tectonic activity was widespread throughout the Midcontinent, including the Illinois Basin (McBride and Nelson 1998)<ref name=":0" />. Plate reconstructions show the Illinois Basin close to, or slightly south of, the equator (Scotese 2010<ref>Scotese, C.R., 2010, Plate tectonic maps and continental drift animations, Late Carboniferous (306 Ma): <nowiki>http://www</nowiki>. scotese.com/late.htm (accessed April 24, 2013).</ref>; Blakey 2011<ref>Blakey, R., 2011, North American paleogeographic maps, Late Pennsylvanian (300 Ma): Flagstaff, Northern Arizona University, <nowiki>https://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/</nowiki> (accessed October 20, 2020). New version available at <nowiki>https://deep-timemaps.com</nowiki>.</ref>). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On a global scale, assembly of the supercontinent of Pangaea was well underway by the Middle Pennsylvanian. Southwest of the Illinois Basin, plate collision had closed off the Arkoma Basin, and the Ouachita Mountains were rising (Houseknecht 1983)<ref>Houseknecht, D.W., ed., 1983, Tectonic– sedimentary evolution of the Arkoma Basin: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Midcontinent Section, v. 1, 119 p.</ref>. Tectonic activity was widespread throughout the Midcontinent, including the Illinois Basin (McBride and Nelson 1998)<ref name=":0" />. Plate reconstructions show the Illinois Basin close to, or slightly south of, the equator (Scotese 2010<ref>Scotese, C.R., 2010, Plate tectonic maps and continental drift animations, Late Carboniferous (306 Ma): <nowiki>http://www</nowiki>. scotese.com/late.htm (accessed April 24, 2013).</ref>; Blakey 2011<ref>Blakey, R., 2011, North American paleogeographic maps, Late Pennsylvanian (300 Ma): Flagstaff, Northern Arizona University, <nowiki>https://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/</nowiki> (accessed October 20, 2020). New version available at <nowiki>https://deep-timemaps.com</nowiki>.</ref>). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:C605-Figure-02.jpg|thumb|{{File:C605-Figure-02.jpg}}]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Springfield Coal Member<ref group="footnote">Classification differs among the three state geological surveys. Indiana and Illinois regard the Springfield as a formal member, whereas Kentucky classifies all coals informally as beds</ref> of the Carbondale Formation is of late Desmoinesian age ([[:File:C605-Figure-02.jpg|Figure 2]])<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</del>, which is equivalent to the Asturian (Westphalian D) of Western Europe and to late Moscovian on the global time scale (Davydov et al. 2012<ref>Davydov, V.I., D. Korn, and M.D. Schmitz, 2012, The Carboniferous Period, in F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M.D. Schmitz, and G.M. Ogg, eds.,The geologic time scale 2012, v. 2: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 603–651.</ref>). It is informally known as No. 5 Coal in Illinois, Coal V in Indiana, and No. 9 Coal in western Kentucky. The Springfield is correlative with the Summit Coal of the Western Interior Basin and with the Middle Kittanning coal bed of the northern Appalachian Basin on the basis of physical stratigraphy (Wanless 1939),<ref>Wanless, H.R., 1939, Pennsylvanian correlations in the Eastern Interior and Appalachian coal fields: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 17, 130 p.</ref> palynology of the coal (Peppers 1996)<ref>Peppers, R.A., 1996, Palynological correlation of major Pennsylvanian chronostratigraphic boundaries in the Illinois and other coal basins: Geological Society of America, Memoir 188, 111 p. and chart.</ref> and conodonts (Heckel 2009) <ref>Heckel, P.H., 2009, Pennsylvanian cyclothems in Midcontinent North America as far-field effects of waxing and waning of Gondwana ice sheets: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, p. 275–289.</ref>and ammonoids (Work et al. 2009)<ref>Work, D.M., C.E. Mason, and R.H. Mapes, 2009, The Pennsylvanian ammonoid succession in the Appalachian basin, ''in'' S.F. Greb and D.R. Chesnut Jr., eds., Carboniferous of the Appalachian and Black Warrior Basins: Kentucky Geological Survey, Series 12, Special Publication 10, p. 71–77.</ref> in associated marine rocks. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Springfield Coal Member<ref group="footnote">Classification differs among the three state geological surveys. Indiana and Illinois regard the Springfield as a formal member, whereas Kentucky classifies all coals informally as beds</ref> of the Carbondale Formation is of late Desmoinesian age ([[:File:C605-Figure-02.jpg|Figure 2]]), which is equivalent to the Asturian (Westphalian D) of Western Europe and to late Moscovian on the global time scale (Davydov et al. 2012<ref>Davydov, V.I., D. Korn, and M.D. Schmitz, 2012, The Carboniferous Period, in F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M.D. Schmitz, and G.M. Ogg, eds.,The geologic time scale 2012, v. 2: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 603–651.</ref>). It is informally known as No. 5 Coal in Illinois, Coal V in Indiana, and No. 9 Coal in western Kentucky. The Springfield is correlative with the Summit Coal of the Western Interior Basin and with the Middle Kittanning coal bed of the northern Appalachian Basin on the basis of physical stratigraphy (Wanless 1939),<ref>Wanless, H.R., 1939, Pennsylvanian correlations in the Eastern Interior and Appalachian coal fields: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 17, 130 p.</ref> palynology of the coal (Peppers 1996)<ref>Peppers, R.A., 1996, Palynological correlation of major Pennsylvanian chronostratigraphic boundaries in the Illinois and other coal basins: Geological Society of America, Memoir 188, 111 p. and chart.</ref> and conodonts (Heckel 2009) <ref>Heckel, P.H., 2009, Pennsylvanian cyclothems in Midcontinent North America as far-field effects of waxing and waning of Gondwana ice sheets: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, p. 275–289.</ref>and ammonoids (Work et al. 2009)<ref>Work, D.M., C.E. Mason, and R.H. Mapes, 2009, The Pennsylvanian ammonoid succession in the Appalachian basin, ''in'' S.F. Greb and D.R. Chesnut Jr., eds., Carboniferous of the Appalachian and Black Warrior Basins: Kentucky Geological Survey, Series 12, Special Publication 10, p. 71–77.</ref> in associated marine rocks. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Springfield accounts for about 29% of remaining identified Illinois Basin resources and has been the most extensively mined coal seam in the Illinois Basin (Hatch and Affolter 2002)<ref>Hatch, J.R., and R.H. Affolter, 2002, Resource assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1625-D, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1625D.</ref>. The coal is high-volatile bituminous in rank and generally is bright-banded, having well developed cleat and lacking significant clastic partings. Thickness varies from about 3.9 to 4.9 ft (1.2 to 1.5 m) in most areas where the coal has been mined. Thicker coal, locally exceeding 9.8 ft (3 m), is confined to the flanks of the Galatia channel. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Springfield accounts for about 29% of remaining identified Illinois Basin resources and has been the most extensively mined coal seam in the Illinois Basin (Hatch and Affolter 2002)<ref>Hatch, J.R., and R.H. Affolter, 2002, Resource assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1625-D, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1625D.</ref>. The coal is high-volatile bituminous in rank and generally is bright-banded, having well developed cleat and lacking significant clastic partings. Thickness varies from about 3.9 to 4.9 ft (1.2 to 1.5 m) in most areas where the coal has been mined. Thicker coal, locally exceeding 9.8 ft (3 m), is confined to the flanks of the Galatia channel. </div></td></tr>
</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Introduction&diff=20022&oldid=prevAlan.Myers at 15:57, 21 August 20232023-08-21T15:57:47Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Galatia Channel Page}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Galatia Channel Page}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Allgaier, G.J., and M.E. Hopkins, 1975, Reserves of the Herrin (No. 6) Coal in the Fairfield Basin in southeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 489, 31 p., 2 pls. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Archer, A.W., and E.P. Kvale, 1993, Origin of gray shale lithofacies (clastic wedges) in U.S. Midcontinent coal measures (Pennsylvanian): An alternate explanation: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 286, p. 181–192. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Archer, A.W., H.R. Feldman, E.P. Kvale, and W.P. Lanier, 1994, Comparison of drier- to wetter-interval estuarine roof facies in the Eastern and Western Interior coal basins, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 106, p. 171–185.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Archer, A.W., G.J. Kuecher, and E.P. Kvale, 1995, The role of tidal-velocity asymmetries in the deposition of silty tidal rhythmites (Carboniferous, Eastern Interior Coal Basin, U.S.A.): Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 65A, p. 408–416.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Blakey, R., 2011, North American paleogeographic maps, Late Pennsylvanian (300 Ma): http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/namPP300.jpg (accessed April 24, 2013) – new version at https://deeptimemaps.com.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Burk, M.K., M.P., Deshowitz, and J.E. Utgaard, 1987, Facies and depositional environments of the Energy Shale Member (Pennsylvanian) and their relationship to low-sulfur coal deposits in southern Illinois: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, no. 6, p. 1060–1067. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Cady, G.H., 1919, Coal resources of District V (Saline and Gallatin Counties): State Geological Survey, Cooperative Mining Series Bulletin 19, 135 p., 9 pls. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Davydov, V.I., D. Korn, and M.D. Schmitz, 2012, The Carboniferous Period, in F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M.D. Schmitz, and G.M. Ogg, The geologic time scale 2012, vol. 2: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 603–651. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Eggert, D.L., 1978, A distributary channel contemporaneous with deposition of the Springfield Coal member (V), Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian) in Warrick County, Indiana (abstract): Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 10, p. 395.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Eggert, D.L., 1982, A fluvial channel contemporaneous with deposition of the Springfield Coal Member (V), Petersburg Formation, northern Warrick County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey, Special Report 28, 20 p.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Eggert, D.L., 1984, The Leslie Cemetery and Francisco distributary fluvial channels in the Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian) of Gibson County, Indiana, U.S.A., in R.A. Rahmani and R.M. Flores, Sedimentology of Coal and Coal-Bearing Sequences: International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 7, p. 309–315. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Eggert, D.L., 1994, Coal resources of Gibson County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey, Special Report 50, 36 p., 1 pl. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Eggert, D.L., and S.C. Adams, 1985, Distribution of fluvial channel systems contemporaneous with the Springfield Coal Member (Middle Pennsylvanian) in southwestern Indiana, in A.T. Cross, ed., Economic geology: Coal, oil and gas: Ninth International Congress of Carboniferous Geology and Stratigraphy, Proceedings, v. 4: Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press, p. 342–348. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Finley, R. and Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium, 2005, An assessment of geological carbon sequestration options in the Illinois Basin: Illinois State Geological Survey, final report to U.S. Department of Energy, contract DE-FC26-03NT41994, 477 p.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Gluskoter, H.J., and J.A. Simon, 1968, Sulfur in Illinois coals: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 432, 28 p. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Gluskoter, H.J., and M.E. Hopkins, 1970, Distribution of sulfur in Illinois coals: Illinois State Geological Survey, Guidebook Series 8, p. 89–95. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Hatch, J.R., and R.H. Affolter, 2002, Resource assessment of the Springfield, Herrin, Danville, and Baker Coals in the Illinois Basin: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1625-D, doi:10.3133/pp1625D.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Hopkins, M.E., 1968, Harrisburg (No. 5) Coal reserves of southeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 431, 25 p., 2 pl.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Hopkins, M.E., R.B. Nance, and C.G. Treworgy, 1979, Mining geology of Illinois coal deposits, in J.E. Palmer and R.R. Dutcher, Depositional and structural history of the Pennsylvanian System in the Illinois Basin, Part 2: Invited papers: Ninth International Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology: Illinois State Geological Survey, Field Trip 9, p. 142–151.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Houseknecht, D.W., ed., 1983, Tectonic–sedimentary evolution of the Arkoma Basin: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Midcontinent Section, v. 1, 119 p.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Jacobson, R.J., 1983, Murphysboro Coal, Jackson and Perry Counties: Resources with low to medium sulfur potential: Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois Mineral Notes 85, 19 p.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Johnson, D.O., 1972, Stratigraphic analysis of the interval between the Herrin (No. 6) Coal and the Piasa Limestone in southwestern Illinois: Urbana, University of Illinois, Ph.D. thesis, 105 p. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Langenheim, R.H., and W.J. Nelson, 1992, The cyclothemic concept in the Illinois Basin: A review, in R.H. Dott Jr., Eustasy: The historical ups and downs of a major geological concept: Geological Society of America, Memoir 180, p. 55–71.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* McBride, J.H., and W.J. Nelson, 1998, Style and origin of mid-Carboniferous deformation in the Illinois Basin, USA—Ancestral Rockies deformation: Tectonophysics, v. 305, p. 249–273</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Mitchum, R.M., 1977, Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, part 11: Glossary of terms used in seismic stratigraphy, in C.E. Payton, ed., Seismic stratigraphy—Applications to hydrocarbon exploration: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 26, v. 11, p. 205–212.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Morgan, J.P., and R.H. Shaver, eds., 1970, Deltaic sedimentation, modern and ancient: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (SEPM), Special Publication 15, 312 p. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Nelson, W.J., 1983, Geologic disturbances in Illinois coal seams: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 530, 47 p.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Payton, C.F., ed., 1977, Seismic stratigraphy—Applications to hydrocarbon exploration: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 26, v. 11, 516 p. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Quinlan, G.M., and C. Beaumont, 1984, Appalachian thrusting, lithospheric flexure, and the Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Eastern Interior of North America: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 21, no. 9, p. 973–996. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Scotese, C.R., 2010, Plate tectonic maps and continental drift animations, Late Carboniferous (306 Ma): http://www.scotese.com/late.htm (accessed April 24, 2013). </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Sloss, L.L., W.C. Krumbein, and E.C. Dapples, 1949, Integrated facies analysis, in C.R. Longwell, ed., Sedimentary facies—Geologic history: Geological Society of America, Memoir 39, p. 91–1245. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Treworgy, C.G., and R.J. Jacobson, 1979, Paleoenvironments and distribution of low-sulfur coal in Illinois, in A.T. Cross, ed., Economic geology: Coal, oil and gas: Ninth International Congress on Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology, Proceedings, v. 4: Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press, p. 349–359. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Udden, J.A., 1912, Geology and mineral resources of the Peoria Quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 506, 103 p. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Wanless, H.R., 1939, Pennsylvanian correlations in the Eastern Interior and Appalachian coal fields: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 17, 130 p. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Wanless, H.R., and J.M. Weller, 1932, Correlation and extent of Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 1003–1016.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Wanless, H.R., and F.P. Shepard, 1935, Permo-Carboniferous coal series related to Southern Hemisphere glaciation: Science, v. 81, p. 521–522.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Wanless, H.R., and F.P. Shepard, 1936, Sea level and climatic changes related to late Paleozoic cycles: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 47, p. 1177–1206. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Weller, J.M., 1930, Cyclical sedimentation of the Pennsylvanian Period and its significance: Journal of Geology, v. 38, p. 97–135. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Work, D.M., C.E. Mason, and R.H. Mapes, 2009, The Pennsylvanian ammonoid succession in the Appalachian basin, in S.F. Greb and D.R. Chesnut Jr., Carboniferous of the Appalachian and Black Warrior Basins: Kentucky Geological Survey, Series 12, Special Publication 10, p. 71–77.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Notes==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Notes==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Introduction&diff=20021&oldid=prevAlan.Myers: /* Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy */2023-08-21T15:57:16Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:57, 21 August 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Illinois Basin is the birthplace of the cyclothem. Udden (1912) recognized four cycles of deposition in Middle Pennsylvanian rocks near Peoria, Illinois; the oldest cycle included Coal No. 5 (Springfield). Weller (1930) introduced “cyclical formations”; Wanless and Weller (1932) coined the term “cyclothem” based mainly on work in western Illinois. By this time, other workers had recognized Pennsylvanian cycles elsewhere in the United States. Among the driving mechanisms suggested were interrupted subsidence, tectonic movements, and autogenic processes such as channel avulsion and delta switching (Langenheim and Nelson 1992). Wanless and Shepard (1935, 1936) were the first to propose glacially driven eustatic changes of sea level as the driving process. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Illinois Basin is the birthplace of the cyclothem. Udden (1912)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Udden, J.A., 1912, Geology and mineral resources of the Peoria Quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 506, 103 p.</ref> </ins>recognized four cycles of deposition in Middle Pennsylvanian rocks near Peoria, Illinois; the oldest cycle included Coal No. 5 (Springfield). Weller (1930)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Weller, J.M., 1930, Cyclical sedimentation of the Pennsylvanian Period and its significance: Journal of Geology, v. 38, p. 97–135.</ref> </ins>introduced “cyclical formations”; Wanless and Weller (1932)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Wanless, H.R., and J.M. Weller, 1932, Correlation and extent of Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 1003–1016.</ref> </ins>coined the term “cyclothem” based mainly on work in western Illinois. By this time, other workers had recognized Pennsylvanian cycles elsewhere in the United States. Among the driving mechanisms suggested were interrupted subsidence, tectonic movements, and autogenic processes such as channel avulsion and delta switching (Langenheim and Nelson 1992)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Langenheim, R.H., and W.J. Nelson, 1992, The cyclothemic concept in the Illinois Basin: A review, ''in'' R.H. Dott Jr., ed., Eustasy: The historical ups and downs of a major geological concept: Geological Society of America, Memoir 180, p. 55–71.</ref></ins>. Wanless and Shepard (1935<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Wanless, H.R., and F.P. Shepard, 1935, Permo-Carboniferous coal series related to Southern Hemisphere glaciation: Science, v. 81, p. 521–522.</ref></ins>, 1936<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Wanless, H.R., and F.P. Shepard, 1936, Sea level and climatic changes related to late Paleozoic cycles: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 47, p. 1177–1206.</ref></ins>) were the first to propose glacially driven eustatic changes of sea level as the driving process. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sequence stratigraphy came into use within the oil industry in the 1970s and reached the broader geologic community with American Association of Petroleum Geologists’ Memoir 26 (Payton 1977). However, Sloss et al. (1949), who worked in Illinois, are acknowledged as pioneers. Basically, a sequence is an updated version of the cyclothem, with glacial eustasy viewed as the primary causative mechanism. A sequence is “a relatively conformable succession of genetically related strata bounded at its top and base by unconformities or their correlative conformities” (Mitchum 1977, p. 210) and represents a single cycle of sea-level rise and fall. Modern sequence stratigraphers recognize as many as five orders or levels of cyclicity and relate them to periodic changes in the earth’s climate caused by astronomical processes. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sequence stratigraphy came into use within the oil industry in the 1970s and reached the broader geologic community with American Association of Petroleum Geologists’ Memoir 26 (Payton 1977)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Payton, C.F., ed., 1977, Seismic stratigraphy—Applications to hydrocarbon exploration: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 26, v. 11, 516 p.</ref></ins>. However, Sloss et al. (1949)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Sloss, L.L., W.C. Krumbein, and E.C. Dapples, 1949, Integrated facies analysis, ''in'' C.R. Longwell, ed., Sedimentary facies in geologic history: Geological Society of America, Memoir 39, p. 91–124.</ref></ins>, who worked in Illinois, are acknowledged as pioneers. Basically, a sequence is an updated version of the cyclothem, with glacial eustasy viewed as the primary causative mechanism. A sequence is “a relatively conformable succession of genetically related strata bounded at its top and base by unconformities or their correlative conformities” (Mitchum 1977, p. 210)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Mitchum, R.M., 1977, Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, part 11: Glossary of terms used in seismic stratigraphy, ''in'' C.E. Payton, ed., Seismic stratigraphy—Applications to hydrocarbon exploration: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 26, v. 11, p. 205–212.</ref> </ins>and represents a single cycle of sea-level rise and fall. Modern sequence stratigraphers recognize as many as five orders or levels of cyclicity and relate them to periodic changes in the earth’s climate caused by astronomical processes. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the past 40 years, sequence stratigraphers have generated an immense amount of literature accompanied by a maze of terminology. A brief review revealed that different authors apply some of the same terms with different meanings. Ironically, sequence stratigraphy has yet to see much usage in its original homeland, the Illinois Basin. Full application of sequence concepts to Pennsylvanian rocks in this basin is beyond the scope of this report. Nevertheless, we wish to discuss rocks related to the Springfield Coal and Galatia channel in terms of their interpreted position in eustatic cycles. To avoid misunderstanding, we are using terms in the following fashion: </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the past 40 years, sequence stratigraphers have generated an immense amount of literature accompanied by a maze of terminology. A brief review revealed that different authors apply some of the same terms with different meanings. Ironically, sequence stratigraphy has yet to see much usage in its original homeland, the Illinois Basin. Full application of sequence concepts to Pennsylvanian rocks in this basin is beyond the scope of this report. Nevertheless, we wish to discuss rocks related to the Springfield Coal and Galatia channel in terms of their interpreted position in eustatic cycles. To avoid misunderstanding, we are using terms in the following fashion: </div></td></tr>
</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Introduction&diff=20020&oldid=prevAlan.Myers: /* Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy */2023-08-21T15:51:07Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the past 40 years, sequence stratigraphers have generated an immense amount of literature accompanied by a maze of terminology. A brief review revealed that different authors apply some of the same terms with different meanings. Ironically, sequence stratigraphy has yet to see much usage in its original homeland, the Illinois Basin. Full application of sequence concepts to Pennsylvanian rocks in this basin is beyond the scope of this report. Nevertheless, we wish to discuss rocks related to the Springfield Coal and Galatia channel in terms of their interpreted position in eustatic cycles. To avoid misunderstanding, we are using terms in the following fashion: </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the past 40 years, sequence stratigraphers have generated an immense amount of literature accompanied by a maze of terminology. A brief review revealed that different authors apply some of the same terms with different meanings. Ironically, sequence stratigraphy has yet to see much usage in its original homeland, the Illinois Basin. Full application of sequence concepts to Pennsylvanian rocks in this basin is beyond the scope of this report. Nevertheless, we wish to discuss rocks related to the Springfield Coal and Galatia channel in terms of their interpreted position in eustatic cycles. To avoid misunderstanding, we are using terms in the following fashion: </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Lowstand'': an episode when sea level was at its lowest, corresponding to the maximum extent of continental glaciers. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">::</ins>''Lowstand'': an episode when sea level was at its lowest, corresponding to the maximum extent of continental glaciers. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::''Transgression'': an episode when sea level was rising in response to the melting of continental glaciers (deglaciation).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::''Transgression'': an episode when sea level was rising in response to the melting of continental glaciers (deglaciation).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::''Highstand'': an episode when sea level was highest, correlating to the maximum deglaciation.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::''Highstand'': an episode when sea level was highest, correlating to the maximum deglaciation.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Wanless, H.R., and F.P. Shepard, 1936, Sea level and climatic changes related to late Paleozoic cycles: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 47, p. 1177–1206. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Wanless, H.R., and F.P. Shepard, 1936, Sea level and climatic changes related to late Paleozoic cycles: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 47, p. 1177–1206. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Weller, J.M., 1930, Cyclical sedimentation of the Pennsylvanian Period and its significance: Journal of Geology, v. 38, p. 97–135. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Weller, J.M., 1930, Cyclical sedimentation of the Pennsylvanian Period and its significance: Journal of Geology, v. 38, p. 97–135. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Work, D.M., C.E. Mason, and R.H. Mapes, 2009, The Pennsylvanian ammonoid succession in the Appalachian basin, in S.F. Greb and D.R. Chesnut Jr., Carboniferous of the Appalachian and Black Warrior Basins: Kentucky Geological Survey, Series 12, Special Publication 10, p. 71–77. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Work, D.M., C.E. Mason, and R.H. Mapes, 2009, The Pennsylvanian ammonoid succession in the Appalachian basin, in S.F. Greb and D.R. Chesnut Jr., Carboniferous of the Appalachian and Black Warrior Basins: Kentucky Geological Survey, Series 12, Special Publication 10, p. 71–77.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Notes==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Notes==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references group="footnote" /></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references group="footnote" /></div></td></tr>
</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Introduction&diff=20019&oldid=prevAlan.Myers: /* Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy */2023-08-21T15:50:53Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:50, 21 August 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Illinois Basin is the birthplace of the cyclothem. Udden (1912) recognized four cycles of deposition in Middle Pennsylvanian rocks near Peoria, Illinois; the oldest cycle included Coal No. 5 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</del>Springfield<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</del>. Weller (1930) introduced “cyclical formations”; Wanless and Weller (1932) coined the term “cyclothem” based mainly on work in western Illinois. By this time, other workers recognized Pennsylvanian cycles elsewhere in the United States. Among the driving mechanisms suggested were interrupted subsidence, tectonic movements, and autogenic processes such as channel avulsion and delta switching (Langenheim and Nelson 1992). Wanless and Shepard (1935, 1936) were the first to propose glacially driven eustatic changes of sea level as the driving process. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Illinois Basin is the birthplace of the cyclothem. Udden (1912) recognized four cycles of deposition in Middle Pennsylvanian rocks near Peoria, Illinois; the oldest cycle included Coal No. 5 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</ins>Springfield<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</ins>. Weller (1930) introduced “cyclical formations”; Wanless and Weller (1932) coined the term “cyclothem” based mainly on work in western Illinois. By this time, other workers <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">had </ins>recognized Pennsylvanian cycles elsewhere in the United States. Among the driving mechanisms suggested were interrupted subsidence, tectonic movements, and autogenic processes such as channel avulsion and delta switching (Langenheim and Nelson 1992). Wanless and Shepard (1935, 1936) were the first to propose glacially driven eustatic changes of sea level as the driving process. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sequence stratigraphy came into use within the oil industry in the 1970s and reached the broader geologic community with American Association of Petroleum Geologists’ Memoir 26 (Payton 1977). However, Sloss et al. (1949), who worked in Illinois, are acknowledged as pioneers. Basically, a sequence is an updated version of the cyclothem, with glacial eustasy viewed as the primary causative mechanism. A sequence is “a relatively conformable succession of genetically related strata bounded at its top and base by unconformities or their correlative conformities” (Mitchum 1977, p. 210) and represents a single cycle of sea-level rise and fall. Modern sequence stratigraphers recognize as many as five orders or levels of cyclicity and relate them to periodic changes in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Earth’s </del>climate caused by astronomical processes. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sequence stratigraphy came into use within the oil industry in the 1970s and reached the broader geologic community with American Association of Petroleum Geologists’ Memoir 26 (Payton 1977). However, Sloss et al. (1949), who worked in Illinois, are acknowledged as pioneers. Basically, a sequence is an updated version of the cyclothem, with glacial eustasy viewed as the primary causative mechanism. A sequence is “a relatively conformable succession of genetically related strata bounded at its top and base by unconformities or their correlative conformities” (Mitchum 1977, p. 210) and represents a single cycle of sea-level rise and fall. Modern sequence stratigraphers recognize as many as five orders or levels of cyclicity and relate them to periodic changes in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the earth’s </ins>climate caused by astronomical processes. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the past 40 years, sequence stratigraphers have generated an immense amount of literature accompanied by a maze of terminology. A brief review <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">reveals </del>that different authors apply some of the same terms with different meanings. Ironically, sequence stratigraphy has yet to see much usage in its original homeland, the Illinois Basin. Full application of sequence concepts to Pennsylvanian rocks in this basin is beyond the scope of this report. Nevertheless, we wish to discuss rocks related to the Springfield Coal and Galatia channel in terms of their interpreted position in eustatic cycles. To avoid misunderstanding, we are using terms in the following fashion:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the past 40 years, sequence stratigraphers have generated an immense amount of literature accompanied by a maze of terminology. A brief review <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">revealed </ins>that different authors apply some of the same terms with different meanings. Ironically, sequence stratigraphy has yet to see much usage in its original homeland, the Illinois Basin. Full application of sequence concepts to Pennsylvanian rocks in this basin is beyond the scope of this report. Nevertheless, we wish to discuss rocks related to the Springfield Coal and Galatia channel in terms of their interpreted position in eustatic cycles. To avoid misunderstanding, we are using terms in the following fashion: </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">::</del>''Lowstand'': an episode when sea level was at its lowest, corresponding to the maximum extent of continental glaciers. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Lowstand'': an episode when sea level was at its lowest, corresponding to the maximum extent of continental glaciers. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::''Transgression'': an episode when sea level was rising in response to the melting of continental glaciers (deglaciation). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::''Highstand'': an episode when sea level was highest, correlating to the maximum deglaciation. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::''Transgression'': an episode when sea level was rising in response to the melting of continental glaciers (deglaciation).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::''Regression'': an episode of falling sea level related to the growth of continental glaciers. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::''Highstand'': an episode when sea level was highest, correlating to the maximum deglaciation.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>::''Regression'': an episode of falling sea level related to the growth of continental glaciers.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Galatia Channel Page}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Galatia Channel Page}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Allgaier, G.J., and M.E. Hopkins, 1975, Reserves of the Herrin (No. 6) Coal in the Fairfield Basin in southeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 489, 31 p., 2 pls. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Allgaier, G.J., and M.E. Hopkins, 1975, Reserves of the Herrin (No. 6) Coal in the Fairfield Basin in southeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 489, 31 p., 2 pls. </div></td></tr>
</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Introduction&diff=20018&oldid=prevAlan.Myers: /* Crevasse-Splay Model */2023-08-21T15:47:48Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Crevasse-Splay Model</span></span></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l31">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hopkins (1968)<ref name=":1" /> presented little geologic interpretation, aside from proposing that the channel existed during peat formation and that rapid burial by nonmarine gray mud (Dykersburg) shielded the peat from sulfur-bearing marine water and sediments. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hopkins (1968)<ref name=":1" /> presented little geologic interpretation, aside from proposing that the channel existed during peat formation and that rapid burial by nonmarine gray mud (Dykersburg) shielded the peat from sulfur-bearing marine water and sediments. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A series of reports (Gluskoter and Simon 1968<ref>Gluskoter, H.J., and J.A. Simon, 1968, Sulfur in Illinois coals: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 432, 28 p.</ref>; Gluskoter and Hopkins 1970<ref>Gluskoter, H.J., and M.E. Hopkins, 1970, Distribution of sulfur in Illinois coals: Illinois State Geological Survey, Guidebook Series 8, p. 89–95.</ref>; Allgaier and Hopkins 1975<ref>Allgaier, G.J., and M.E. Hopkins, 1975, Reserves of the Herrin (No. 6) Coal in the Fairfield Basin in southeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 489, 31 p., 2 pls.</ref>; Hopkins et al. 1979<ref name=":2">Hopkins, M.E., R.B. Nance, and C.G. Treworgy, 1979, Mining geology of Illinois coal proto-Precordillera, Argentina deposits, ''in'' J.E. Palmer and R.R. Dutcher, Depositional and structural history of the Pennsylvanian System in the Illinois Basin, Part 2: Invited papers: Ninth International Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology: Illinois State Geological Survey, Field Trip 9, p. 142–151.</ref>; Jacobson 1983<ref>Jacobson, R.J., 1983, Murphysboro Coal, Jackson and Perry Counties: Resources with low to medium sulfur potential: Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois Mineral Notes 85, 19 p.</ref>) rapidly followed, augmenting Hopkins’s initial findings, developing an interpretive model, and outlining similar relationships for areas of low-sulfur coal bordering paleochannels in other Illinois coal seams. Hopkins et al. (1979, p. 148)<ref name=":2" /> proposed the name “Galatia channel,” taking the name of a small community near the feature in Saline County, Illinois. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A series of reports (Gluskoter and Simon 1968<ref>Gluskoter, H.J., and J.A. Simon, 1968, Sulfur in Illinois coals: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 432, 28 p.</ref>; Gluskoter and Hopkins 1970<ref>Gluskoter, H.J., and M.E. Hopkins, 1970, Distribution of sulfur in Illinois coals: Illinois State Geological Survey, Guidebook Series 8, p. 89–95.</ref>; Allgaier and Hopkins 1975<ref <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">name=":3"</ins>>Allgaier, G.J., and M.E. Hopkins, 1975, Reserves of the Herrin (No. 6) Coal in the Fairfield Basin in southeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 489, 31 p., 2 pls.</ref>; Hopkins et al. 1979<ref name=":2">Hopkins, M.E., R.B. Nance, and C.G. Treworgy, 1979, Mining geology of Illinois coal proto-Precordillera, Argentina deposits, ''in'' J.E. Palmer and R.R. Dutcher, Depositional and structural history of the Pennsylvanian System in the Illinois Basin, Part 2: Invited papers: Ninth International Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology: Illinois State Geological Survey, Field Trip 9, p. 142–151.</ref>; Jacobson 1983<ref>Jacobson, R.J., 1983, Murphysboro Coal, Jackson and Perry Counties: Resources with low to medium sulfur potential: Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois Mineral Notes 85, 19 p.</ref>) rapidly followed, augmenting Hopkins’s initial findings, developing an interpretive model, and outlining similar relationships for areas of low-sulfur coal bordering paleochannels in other Illinois coal seams. Hopkins et al. (1979, p. 148)<ref name=":2" /> proposed the name “Galatia channel,” taking the name of a small community near the feature in Saline County, Illinois. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Indiana, Donald L. Eggert (1978)<ref>Eggert, D.L., 1978, A distributary channel contemporaneous with deposition of the Springfield Coal member (V), Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian) in Warrick County, Indiana: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 10, p. 395.</ref> was the first to recognize paleochannels contemporaneous with the Springfield Coal. A series of follow-up papers and reports (Eggert 1982<ref>Eggert, D.L., 1982, A fluvial channel contemporaneous with deposition of the Springfield Coal Member (V), Petersburg Formation, northern Warrick County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey, Special Report 28, 20 p.</ref>, 1984<ref>Eggert, D.L., 1984, The Leslie Cemetery and Francisco distributary fluvial channels in the Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian) of Gibson County, Indiana, U.S.A., ''in'' R.A. Rahmani and R.M. Flores, eds., Sedimentology of coal and coal-bearing sequences: International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 7, p. 309–315.</ref>, 1994<ref>Eggert, D.L., 1994, Coal resources of Gibson County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey, Special Report 50, 36 p., 1 pl.</ref>; Eggert and Adams 1985<ref>Eggert, D.L., and S.C. Adams, 1985, Distribution of fluvial channel systems contemporaneous with the Springfield Coal Member (Middle Pennsylvanian) in southwestern Indiana, ''in'' A.T. Cross, ed., Economic geology: Coal, oil and gas: Ninth International Congress of Carboniferous Geology and Stratigraphy, Proceedings, v. 4: Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press, p. 342–348.</ref>) described the Galatia channel and related features in Gibson, Pike, and Warrick Counties. Together, these articles described relationships closely similar to those developed in Illinois, and they relied on the same interpretive crevasse-splay model. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Indiana, Donald L. Eggert (1978)<ref>Eggert, D.L., 1978, A distributary channel contemporaneous with deposition of the Springfield Coal member (V), Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian) in Warrick County, Indiana: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 10, p. 395.</ref> was the first to recognize paleochannels contemporaneous with the Springfield Coal. A series of follow-up papers and reports (Eggert 1982<ref <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">name=":4"</ins>>Eggert, D.L., 1982, A fluvial channel contemporaneous with deposition of the Springfield Coal Member (V), Petersburg Formation, northern Warrick County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey, Special Report 28, 20 p.</ref>, 1984<ref>Eggert, D.L., 1984, The Leslie Cemetery and Francisco distributary fluvial channels in the Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian) of Gibson County, Indiana, U.S.A., ''in'' R.A. Rahmani and R.M. Flores, eds., Sedimentology of coal and coal-bearing sequences: International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 7, p. 309–315.</ref>, 1994<ref <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">name=":5"</ins>>Eggert, D.L., 1994, Coal resources of Gibson County, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey, Special Report 50, 36 p., 1 pl.</ref>; Eggert and Adams 1985<ref <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">name=":6"</ins>>Eggert, D.L., and S.C. Adams, 1985, Distribution of fluvial channel systems contemporaneous with the Springfield Coal Member (Middle Pennsylvanian) in southwestern Indiana, ''in'' A.T. Cross, ed., Economic geology: Coal, oil and gas: Ninth International Congress of Carboniferous Geology and Stratigraphy, Proceedings, v. 4: Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press, p. 342–348.</ref>) described the Galatia channel and related features in Gibson, Pike, and Warrick Counties. Together, these articles described relationships closely similar to those developed in Illinois, and they relied on the same interpretive crevasse-splay model. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Crevasse-Splay Model==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Crevasse-Splay Model==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Models applying modern deltaic processes to ancient rocks (e.g., Morgan and Shaver 1970) were in vogue when the Galatia channel was first recognized. Being close at hand and thoroughly investigated, the Mississippi delta commanded the attention of American geologists. Explicitly or otherwise, authors had the Mississippi delta in mind as they explained coal-contemporaneous channels in the Illinois Basin. Leading the way were Johnson (1972) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and Hopkins and Allgaier (1975)</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The latter </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">p</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">14</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stated, “The characteristic pattern of these shales [Energy </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dykersburg] and their association with coal and channels suggests a depositional model whereby floods causing breaks </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">levees along the banks </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">channels</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which ran through the coal swamp</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">resulted in crevasse splays of gray shale wedges over coal </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">peat</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">deposits . . .”</del>. Hopkins et al. (1979) referred to the Dykersburg and Energy Shales as crevasse-splay deposits derived from those channels. Summarizing earlier work, Nelson (1983, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure </del>8) illustrated Galatia channel environments including levees, crevasse splays, and a bird-foot delta like that of the Mississippi ([[:File:C605-Figure-03.jpg|Figure 3]]). Nelson (1987, p. 12–14) departed slightly from previous scenarios, noting the lack of evidence for natural levees<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>while continuing to place the coal and shale deposits within an overall deltaic setting. Similarly, Burk et al. (1987) continued to interpret the origin of the Energy Shale in terms of deltaic crevasse splays. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Models applying modern deltaic processes to ancient rocks (e.g., Morgan and Shaver 1970<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Morgan, J.P., and R.H. Shaver, eds., 1970, Deltaic sedimentation, modern and ancient: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 15, 312 p.</ref></ins>) were in vogue when the Galatia channel was first recognized. Being close at hand and thoroughly investigated, the Mississippi delta commanded the attention of American geologists. Explicitly or otherwise, authors had the Mississippi delta in mind as they explained coal-contemporaneous channels in the Illinois Basin. Leading the way were Johnson (1972)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Johnson, D.O</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, 1972, Stratigraphic analysis of the interval between the Herrin </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">No</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Coal </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the Piasa Limestone </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">southwestern Illinois: Urbana, University </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Illinois</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ph.D. thesis</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">105 p.</ref> and Allgaier and Hopkins </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1975</ins>)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name=":3" /></ins>. Hopkins et al. (1979)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name=":2" /> </ins>referred to the Dykersburg and Energy Shales as crevasse-splay deposits derived from those channels. Summarizing earlier work, Nelson (1983, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">figure </ins>8)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Nelson, W.J., 1983, Geologic disturbances in Illinois coal seams: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 530, 47 p.</ref> </ins>illustrated Galatia channel environments<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>including levees, crevasse splays, and a bird-foot delta like that of the Mississippi ([[:File:C605-Figure-03.jpg|Figure 3]]). Nelson <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et al. </ins>(1987, p. 12–14)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Nelson, W.J., P.J. DeMaris, and R.A. Bauer, 1987, The Hornsby district of low-sulfur Herrin Coal in central Illinois (Christian, Macoupin, Montgomery, and Sangamon Counties): Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 540, 40 p., 1 pl.</ref> </ins>departed slightly from previous scenarios, noting the lack of evidence for natural levees while continuing to place the coal and shale deposits within an overall deltaic setting. Similarly, Burk et al. (1987)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Burk, M.K., M.P., Deshowitz, and J.E. Utgaard, 1987, Facies and depositional environments of the Energy Shale Member (Pennsylvanian) and their relationship to low-sulfur coal deposits in southern Illinois: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, no. 6, p. 1060–1067.</ref> </ins>continued to interpret the origin of the Energy Shale in terms of deltaic crevasse splays. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:C605-Figure-03.jpg|250px|{{File:C605-Figure-03.jpg}}|left|thumb]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:C605-Figure-03.jpg|250px|{{File:C605-Figure-03.jpg}}|left|thumb]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eggert (1982) and Eggert and Adams (1985) also explicitly related channel development in Indiana to the modern Mississippi delta. They envisioned the Galatia and associated channels as deltaic distributaries<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>flanked by natural levees that frequently failed, spilling sediment-laden water into adjoining peat swamps. Eggert (1994<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, p. 14</del>) regarded the Galatia channel as part of a delta that prograded seaward during peat deposition <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>(p. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">16</del>) alluded to the Dykersburg Shale as lacustrine and overbank mud. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eggert (1982)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name=":4" /> </ins>and Eggert and Adams (1985)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name=":6" /> </ins>also explicitly related channel development in Indiana to the modern Mississippi delta. They envisioned the Galatia and associated channels as deltaic distributaries flanked by natural levees that frequently failed, spilling sediment-laden water into adjoining peat swamps. Eggert (1994)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name=":5" /> </ins>regarded the Galatia channel as part of a delta that prograded seaward during peat deposition (p. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">14</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </ins>alluded to the Dykersburg Shale as lacustrine and overbank mud <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(p. 16)</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Archer and Kvale (1993) and Archer et al. (1994, 1995) represent the first major departure from the deltaic model in the Illinois Basin. These authors recognized rhythmic lamination and other tidal signatures in Illinois gray shale associated with low-sulfur coal. Thus, they placed deposits such as the Dykersburg Shale into estuarine environments rather than fluvially dominated deltas.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Archer and Kvale (1993)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Archer, A.W., and E.P. Kvale, 1993, Origin of gray shale lithofacies (clastic wedges) in U.S. Midcontinent coal measures (Pennsylvanian): An alternate explanation: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 286, p. 181–192.</ref> </ins>and Archer et al. (1994<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Archer, A.W., H.R. Feldman, E.P. Kvale, and W.P. Lanier, 1994, Comparison of drier- to wetter-interval estuarine roof facies in the Eastern and Western Interior coal basins, USA: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 106, p. 171–185.</ref>, 1995<ref>Archer, A.W., G.J. Kuecher, and E.P. Kvale</ins>, 1995<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, The role of tidal-velocity asymmetries in the deposition of silty tidal rhythmites (Carboniferous, Eastern Interior Coal Basin, U.S.A.): Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 65A, p. 408–416.</ref></ins>) represent the first major departure from the deltaic model in the Illinois Basin. These authors recognized rhythmic lamination and other tidal signatures in Illinois gray shale associated with low-sulfur coal. Thus, they placed deposits such as the Dykersburg Shale into estuarine environments rather than fluvially dominated deltas. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cyclicity and Sequence Stratigraphy==</div></td></tr>
</table>Alan.Myers