https://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Channels_and_Cyclothems:_A_Summary_Model&feed=atom&action=historyGalatia Channel:Channels and Cyclothems: A Summary Model - Revision history2024-03-28T11:40:02ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.38.4https://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Channels_and_Cyclothems:_A_Summary_Model&diff=20102&oldid=prevAlan.Myers at 14:48, 23 August 20232023-08-23T14:48:26Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:C605-Figure-60.jpg|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-60.jpg}}|thumb]]</li></center></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:C605-Figure-60.jpg|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-60.jpg}}|thumb]]</li></center></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:C605-Figure-61.jpg|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-61.jpg}}|thumb]]</li></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><center></ins><li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:C605-Figure-61.jpg|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-61.jpg}}|thumb]]</li<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">></center</ins>></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There also are elements that, although varying through time, must be treated as constants because (1) they are not linked causally to the set of variables tied to cyclic global change, and (2) their effects and timing are often obscure. The most prominent of these is tectonics. It is understood that accommodation space is needed to preserve sediments as part of the geological record. However, remarkably robust correlations have proven possible between cyclothemic, glacial– interglacial cycles in the cratonic basins of the American Midcontinent (Western Interior), Illinois (Eastern Interior), and Appalachian regions (Heckel et al. 2007<ref name=":0" />; Falcon-Lang et al. 2011<ref>Falcon-Lang, H.J., P.H. Heckel, W.A. DiMichele, B.M. Blake, C.R. Easterday, C.F. Eble, S. Elrick, R.A. Gastaldo, S.F. Greb, R.L. Martino, W.J. Nelson, H.W. Pfefferkorn, T.L. Phillips, and S.J. Rosscoe, 2011, No major stratigraphic gap exists near the Middle–Upper Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian–Missourian) boundary in North America: Palaios, v. 26, p. 125–139.</ref>), correlative with a nearly identical cycle sequence in the Donets Basin (Heckel et al. 2007<ref name=":0" />; Heckel 2008<ref name=":1" />; Eros et al. 2012<ref name=":2" />; Schmitz and Davydov 2012<ref>Schmitz, M.D., and V.I. Davydov, 2012, Quantitative radiometric and biostratigraphic calibration of the Pennsylvanian–Early Permian (Cisuralian) time scale and pan-Euramerican chronostratigraphic correlation: Geological Society of America, Bulletin 124, v. 549–577.</ref>; Davydov et al. 2012<ref>Davydov, V.I., D. Korn, and M.D. Schmitz, 2012, The Carboniferous Period, in F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M.D. Schmitz, and G.M. Ogg, eds.,The geologic time scale 2012, v. 2: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 603–651.</ref>), based on marine microfossils, palynology, and radiometric dating. These correlations reveal that nearly every major cycle and many minor cycles are preserved in all these basins. This high degree of correlation leads to the conclusion that the creation of accommodation space was sufficient to be treated, on average, as a constant, even though there clearly are local effects on the thickness or areal extent of any given bed, as discussed above.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There also are elements that, although varying through time, must be treated as constants because (1) they are not linked causally to the set of variables tied to cyclic global change, and (2) their effects and timing are often obscure. The most prominent of these is tectonics. It is understood that accommodation space is needed to preserve sediments as part of the geological record. However, remarkably robust correlations have proven possible between cyclothemic, glacial– interglacial cycles in the cratonic basins of the American Midcontinent (Western Interior), Illinois (Eastern Interior), and Appalachian regions (Heckel et al. 2007<ref name=":0" />; Falcon-Lang et al. 2011<ref>Falcon-Lang, H.J., P.H. Heckel, W.A. DiMichele, B.M. Blake, C.R. Easterday, C.F. Eble, S. Elrick, R.A. Gastaldo, S.F. Greb, R.L. Martino, W.J. Nelson, H.W. Pfefferkorn, T.L. Phillips, and S.J. Rosscoe, 2011, No major stratigraphic gap exists near the Middle–Upper Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian–Missourian) boundary in North America: Palaios, v. 26, p. 125–139.</ref>), correlative with a nearly identical cycle sequence in the Donets Basin (Heckel et al. 2007<ref name=":0" />; Heckel 2008<ref name=":1" />; Eros et al. 2012<ref name=":2" />; Schmitz and Davydov 2012<ref>Schmitz, M.D., and V.I. Davydov, 2012, Quantitative radiometric and biostratigraphic calibration of the Pennsylvanian–Early Permian (Cisuralian) time scale and pan-Euramerican chronostratigraphic correlation: Geological Society of America, Bulletin 124, v. 549–577.</ref>; Davydov et al. 2012<ref>Davydov, V.I., D. Korn, and M.D. Schmitz, 2012, The Carboniferous Period, in F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M.D. Schmitz, and G.M. Ogg, eds.,The geologic time scale 2012, v. 2: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 603–651.</ref>), based on marine microfossils, palynology, and radiometric dating. These correlations reveal that nearly every major cycle and many minor cycles are preserved in all these basins. This high degree of correlation leads to the conclusion that the creation of accommodation space was sufficient to be treated, on average, as a constant, even though there clearly are local effects on the thickness or areal extent of any given bed, as discussed above.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Channels_and_Cyclothems:_A_Summary_Model&diff=20101&oldid=prevAlan.Myers at 14:47, 23 August 20232023-08-23T14:47:43Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:47, 23 August 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wanless and Weller (1932)<ref>Wanless, H.R., and J.M. Weller, 1932, Correlation and extent of Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 1003–1016.</ref> introduced the term “cyclothem” to describe apparently repeating sequences of lithologies in coal-bearing rock sections of Pennsylvanian age (Langenheim and Nelson 1992)<ref>Langenheim, R.H., and W.J. Nelson, 1992, The cyclothemic concept in the Illinois Basin: A review, ''in'' R.H. Dott Jr., ed., Eustasy: The historical ups and downs of a major geological concept: Geological Society of America, Memoir 180, p. 55–71.</ref>. These authors tied such successions to sea-level fluctuations driven by the waxing and waning of polar glaciers during the Pennsylvanian, a model that has proven remarkably robust and continues in use today (e.g., de Wet et al.1997<ref>de Wet, C.B., S.O. Moshier, J.C. Hower, A.P. de Wet, S.T. Brennan, C.T. Helfrich, and A.L. Raymond, 1997, Disrupted coal and carbonate facies within two Pennsylvanian cyclothems, southern Illinois Basin, United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 1231–1248.</ref>; Heckel et al. 2007<ref name=":0">Heckel, P.H., A.S. Alekseev, J.E. Barrick, D.R. Boardman, N.Y. Goreva, T.I. Nemyrovska, K. Ueno, E. Villa, and D.M. Work, 2007, Cyclothem [“digital”] correlation and biostratigraphy across the global Moscovian–Kasimovian–Gzhelian stage boundary interval (Middle–Upper Pennsylvanian) in North America and eastern Europe: Geology, v. 35, p. 607–610.</ref>; Heckel 2008<ref name=":1">Heckel, P.H., 2008, Pennsylvanian cyclothems in Midcontinent North America as far-field effects of waxing and waning of Gondwana ice sheets, ''in'' C.R. Fielding, T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, p. 275–289.</ref>; Eros et al. 2012<ref name=":2">Eros, J.M., I.P. Montañez, D.A. Osleger, V.I. Davydov, T.I. Nemyrovska, V.I. Poletaev, and M.V. Zhykalyak, 2012, Sequence stratigraphy and onlap history of the Donets Basin, Ukraine: Insight into Carboniferous icehouse dynamics: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 313– 314, p. 1–25.</ref>; Waters and Condon 2012<ref name=":3">Waters, C.N. and D.J. Condon, 2012, Nature and timing of Late Mississippian to Mid-Pennsylvanian glacioeustatic sea-level changes of the Pennine Basin, UK: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 169, p. 37–51.</ref>). Challenges to the cyclothem concept reflect various attempts to outright discredit it (e.g., Wilkinson et al. 2003<ref>Wilkinson, B.H., G.K. Merrill, and S.J. Kivett, 2003, Stratal order in Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 1068–1087.</ref>), to demonstrate control by local, coastal sedimentary processes (e.g., Horne et al. 1978<ref name=":4">Horne, J.C., J.C. Ferm, F.T. Caruccio, and B.P. Baganz, 1978, Depositional models in coal exploration and mine planning in the Appalachian region: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 62, no. 12, p. 2379–2411.</ref>; Ferm and Cavaroc 1979<ref>Ferm, J.C., and V.V. Cavaroc, 1979, A nonmarine sedimentary model for the Allegheny rocks of West Virginia, ''in'' G.D. Klein, ed., Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic continental sedimentation, northeastern North America: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 106, p. 1–19.</ref>) or by structural geological movements (e.g., Ferm and Weisenfluh 1989<ref>Ferm, J.C., and G.A. Weisenfluh, 1989, Evolution of some depositional models in late Carboniferous rocks of the Appalachian coal fields: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 12, p. 259–292.</ref>), or to subsume it terminologically within sea-level-driven sequence stratigraphic models (e.g., Bohacs and Suter 1997<ref name=":5">Bohacs, K., and J. Suter, 1997, Sequence stratigraphic distribution of coaly rocks: Fundamental controls and paralic examples: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1612–1639.</ref>). The recurrent patterns discussed here, in relation to the Galatia channel and similar features in other coals, only serve to strengthen the argument for a periodically repeating class of natural phenomena as drivers of lithological sequences in Pennsylvanian cratonic coal-bearing rock sequences. The relatively recent additions of climate (e.g., Cecil et al. 2003a<ref name=":6">Cecil, C.B., F.T. Dulong, R.A. Harris, J.C. Cobb, H.J. Gluskoter, and H. Nugroho, 2003a, Observations on climate and sediment discharge in selected tropical rivers, Indonesia, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 77, p. 29–50, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0029.</ref>, 2003b<ref name=":7">Cecil, C.B., F.T., Dulong, R.R. West, R. Stamm, B. Wardlaw, and N.T. Edgar, 2003b, Climate controls on the stratigraphy of a Middle Pennsylvanian cyclothem in North America, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 77, p. 151–180, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0151.</ref>; Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, and D. Pollard, 2007, Orbital and CO<sub>2</sub> forcing of late Paleozoic continental ice sheets: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, paper L19708, [https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031188 https://doi. org/10.1029/2007GL031188].</ref>; Peyser and Poulsen 2008<ref name=":9">Peyser, C.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2008, Controls on Permo-Carboniferous precipitation over tropical Pangaea: A GCM sensitivity study: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 268, p. 181–192.</ref>; Bishop et al. 2010<ref>Bishop, J.W., I.P. Montañez, and D.A. Osleger, 2010, Dynamic Carboniferous climate change, Arrow Canyon, Nevada: Geosphere, v. 6, p. 1–34.</ref>) and of the ties between climate and sedimentation patterns (Cecil and Dulong 2003<ref name=":10">Cecil, C.B., and F.T. Dulong, 2003, Precipitation models for sediment supply in warm climates, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 77, p. 21–27.</ref>) provide a more complete framework for explaining cyclothemic patterns in space and time, particularly those permitting escape from an either–or focus on allocyclic versus autocyclic underlying controls (in the terminology of Beerbower 1964<ref>Beerbower, J.R., 1964, Cyclothems and cyclic depositional mechanisms in alluvial plain sedimentation: Kansas State Geological Survey, Bulletin 169, p. 32–42.</ref>) while recognizing the role and context of each.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wanless and Weller (1932)<ref>Wanless, H.R., and J.M. Weller, 1932, Correlation and extent of Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 1003–1016.</ref> introduced the term “cyclothem” to describe apparently repeating sequences of lithologies in coal-bearing rock sections of Pennsylvanian age (Langenheim and Nelson 1992)<ref>Langenheim, R.H., and W.J. Nelson, 1992, The cyclothemic concept in the Illinois Basin: A review, ''in'' R.H. Dott Jr., ed., Eustasy: The historical ups and downs of a major geological concept: Geological Society of America, Memoir 180, p. 55–71.</ref>. These authors tied such successions to sea-level fluctuations driven by the waxing and waning of polar glaciers during the Pennsylvanian, a model that has proven remarkably robust and continues in use today (e.g., de Wet et al.1997<ref>de Wet, C.B., S.O. Moshier, J.C. Hower, A.P. de Wet, S.T. Brennan, C.T. Helfrich, and A.L. Raymond, 1997, Disrupted coal and carbonate facies within two Pennsylvanian cyclothems, southern Illinois Basin, United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 1231–1248.</ref>; Heckel et al. 2007<ref name=":0">Heckel, P.H., A.S. Alekseev, J.E. Barrick, D.R. Boardman, N.Y. Goreva, T.I. Nemyrovska, K. Ueno, E. Villa, and D.M. Work, 2007, Cyclothem [“digital”] correlation and biostratigraphy across the global Moscovian–Kasimovian–Gzhelian stage boundary interval (Middle–Upper Pennsylvanian) in North America and eastern Europe: Geology, v. 35, p. 607–610.</ref>; Heckel 2008<ref name=":1">Heckel, P.H., 2008, Pennsylvanian cyclothems in Midcontinent North America as far-field effects of waxing and waning of Gondwana ice sheets, ''in'' C.R. Fielding, T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, p. 275–289.</ref>; Eros et al. 2012<ref name=":2">Eros, J.M., I.P. Montañez, D.A. Osleger, V.I. Davydov, T.I. Nemyrovska, V.I. Poletaev, and M.V. Zhykalyak, 2012, Sequence stratigraphy and onlap history of the Donets Basin, Ukraine: Insight into Carboniferous icehouse dynamics: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 313– 314, p. 1–25.</ref>; Waters and Condon 2012<ref name=":3">Waters, C.N. and D.J. Condon, 2012, Nature and timing of Late Mississippian to Mid-Pennsylvanian glacioeustatic sea-level changes of the Pennine Basin, UK: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 169, p. 37–51.</ref>). Challenges to the cyclothem concept reflect various attempts to outright discredit it (e.g., Wilkinson et al. 2003<ref>Wilkinson, B.H., G.K. Merrill, and S.J. Kivett, 2003, Stratal order in Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 1068–1087.</ref>), to demonstrate control by local, coastal sedimentary processes (e.g., Horne et al. 1978<ref name=":4">Horne, J.C., J.C. Ferm, F.T. Caruccio, and B.P. Baganz, 1978, Depositional models in coal exploration and mine planning in the Appalachian region: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 62, no. 12, p. 2379–2411.</ref>; Ferm and Cavaroc 1979<ref>Ferm, J.C., and V.V. Cavaroc, 1979, A nonmarine sedimentary model for the Allegheny rocks of West Virginia, ''in'' G.D. Klein, ed., Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic continental sedimentation, northeastern North America: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 106, p. 1–19.</ref>) or by structural geological movements (e.g., Ferm and Weisenfluh 1989<ref>Ferm, J.C., and G.A. Weisenfluh, 1989, Evolution of some depositional models in late Carboniferous rocks of the Appalachian coal fields: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 12, p. 259–292.</ref>), or to subsume it terminologically within sea-level-driven sequence stratigraphic models (e.g., Bohacs and Suter 1997<ref name=":5">Bohacs, K., and J. Suter, 1997, Sequence stratigraphic distribution of coaly rocks: Fundamental controls and paralic examples: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1612–1639.</ref>). The recurrent patterns discussed here, in relation to the Galatia channel and similar features in other coals, only serve to strengthen the argument for a periodically repeating class of natural phenomena as drivers of lithological sequences in Pennsylvanian cratonic coal-bearing rock sequences. The relatively recent additions of climate (e.g., Cecil et al. 2003a<ref name=":6">Cecil, C.B., F.T. Dulong, R.A. Harris, J.C. Cobb, H.J. Gluskoter, and H. Nugroho, 2003a, Observations on climate and sediment discharge in selected tropical rivers, Indonesia, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 77, p. 29–50, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0029.</ref>, 2003b<ref name=":7">Cecil, C.B., F.T., Dulong, R.R. West, R. Stamm, B. Wardlaw, and N.T. Edgar, 2003b, Climate controls on the stratigraphy of a Middle Pennsylvanian cyclothem in North America, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 77, p. 151–180, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0151.</ref>; Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, and D. Pollard, 2007, Orbital and CO<sub>2</sub> forcing of late Paleozoic continental ice sheets: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, paper L19708, [https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031188 https://doi. org/10.1029/2007GL031188].</ref>; Peyser and Poulsen 2008<ref name=":9">Peyser, C.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2008, Controls on Permo-Carboniferous precipitation over tropical Pangaea: A GCM sensitivity study: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 268, p. 181–192.</ref>; Bishop et al. 2010<ref>Bishop, J.W., I.P. Montañez, and D.A. Osleger, 2010, Dynamic Carboniferous climate change, Arrow Canyon, Nevada: Geosphere, v. 6, p. 1–34.</ref>) and of the ties between climate and sedimentation patterns (Cecil and Dulong 2003<ref name=":10">Cecil, C.B., and F.T. Dulong, 2003, Precipitation models for sediment supply in warm climates, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 77, p. 21–27.</ref>) provide a more complete framework for explaining cyclothemic patterns in space and time, particularly those permitting escape from an either–or focus on allocyclic versus autocyclic underlying controls (in the terminology of Beerbower 1964<ref>Beerbower, J.R., 1964, Cyclothems and cyclic depositional mechanisms in alluvial plain sedimentation: Kansas State Geological Survey, Bulletin 169, p. 32–42.</ref>) while recognizing the role and context of each.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:C605-Figure-58.jpg|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-58.jpg}}|thumb]]</li></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><center></ins><li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:C605-Figure-58.jpg|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-58.jpg}}|thumb]]</li></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:C605-Figure-59.jpg|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-59.jpg}}|thumb]]</li></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:C605-Figure-59.jpg|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-59.jpg}}|thumb]]</li></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:C605-Figure-60.jpg|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-60.jpg}}|thumb]]</li></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:C605-Figure-60.jpg|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-60.jpg}}|thumb]]</li<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">></center</ins>></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Channels_and_Cyclothems:_A_Summary_Model&diff=20100&oldid=prevAlan.Myers at 14:45, 23 August 20232023-08-23T14:45:50Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:C605-Figure-61.jpg|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-61.jpg}}|thumb]]</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There also are elements that, although varying through time, must be treated as constants because (1) they are not linked causally to the set of variables tied to cyclic global change, and (2) their effects and timing are often obscure. The most prominent of these is tectonics. It is understood that accommodation space is needed to preserve sediments as part of the geological record. However, remarkably robust correlations have proven possible between cyclothemic, glacial– interglacial cycles in the cratonic basins of the American Midcontinent (Western Interior), Illinois (Eastern Interior), and Appalachian regions (Heckel et al. 2007<ref name=":0" />; Falcon-Lang et al. 2011<ref>Falcon-Lang, H.J., P.H. Heckel, W.A. DiMichele, B.M. Blake, C.R. Easterday, C.F. Eble, S. Elrick, R.A. Gastaldo, S.F. Greb, R.L. Martino, W.J. Nelson, H.W. Pfefferkorn, T.L. Phillips, and S.J. Rosscoe, 2011, No major stratigraphic gap exists near the Middle–Upper Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian–Missourian) boundary in North America: Palaios, v. 26, p. 125–139.</ref>), correlative with a nearly identical cycle sequence in the Donets Basin (Heckel et al. 2007<ref name=":0" />; Heckel 2008<ref name=":1" />; Eros et al. 2012<ref name=":2" />; Schmitz and Davydov 2012<ref>Schmitz, M.D., and V.I. Davydov, 2012, Quantitative radiometric and biostratigraphic calibration of the Pennsylvanian–Early Permian (Cisuralian) time scale and pan-Euramerican chronostratigraphic correlation: Geological Society of America, Bulletin 124, v. 549–577.</ref>; Davydov et al. 2012<ref>Davydov, V.I., D. Korn, and M.D. Schmitz, 2012, The Carboniferous Period, in F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M.D. Schmitz, and G.M. Ogg, eds.,The geologic time scale 2012, v. 2: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 603–651.</ref>), based on marine microfossils, palynology, and radiometric dating. These correlations reveal that nearly every major cycle and many minor cycles are preserved in all these basins. This high degree of correlation leads to the conclusion that the creation of accommodation space was sufficient to be treated, on average, as a constant, even though there clearly are local effects on the thickness or areal extent of any given bed, as discussed above.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There also are elements that, although varying through time, must be treated as constants because (1) they are not linked causally to the set of variables tied to cyclic global change, and (2) their effects and timing are often obscure. The most prominent of these is tectonics. It is understood that accommodation space is needed to preserve sediments as part of the geological record. However, remarkably robust correlations have proven possible between cyclothemic, glacial– interglacial cycles in the cratonic basins of the American Midcontinent (Western Interior), Illinois (Eastern Interior), and Appalachian regions (Heckel et al. 2007<ref name=":0" />; Falcon-Lang et al. 2011<ref>Falcon-Lang, H.J., P.H. Heckel, W.A. DiMichele, B.M. Blake, C.R. Easterday, C.F. Eble, S. Elrick, R.A. Gastaldo, S.F. Greb, R.L. Martino, W.J. Nelson, H.W. Pfefferkorn, T.L. Phillips, and S.J. Rosscoe, 2011, No major stratigraphic gap exists near the Middle–Upper Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian–Missourian) boundary in North America: Palaios, v. 26, p. 125–139.</ref>), correlative with a nearly identical cycle sequence in the Donets Basin (Heckel et al. 2007<ref name=":0" />; Heckel 2008<ref name=":1" />; Eros et al. 2012<ref name=":2" />; Schmitz and Davydov 2012<ref>Schmitz, M.D., and V.I. Davydov, 2012, Quantitative radiometric and biostratigraphic calibration of the Pennsylvanian–Early Permian (Cisuralian) time scale and pan-Euramerican chronostratigraphic correlation: Geological Society of America, Bulletin 124, v. 549–577.</ref>; Davydov et al. 2012<ref>Davydov, V.I., D. Korn, and M.D. Schmitz, 2012, The Carboniferous Period, in F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M.D. Schmitz, and G.M. Ogg, eds.,The geologic time scale 2012, v. 2: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 603–651.</ref>), based on marine microfossils, palynology, and radiometric dating. These correlations reveal that nearly every major cycle and many minor cycles are preserved in all these basins. This high degree of correlation leads to the conclusion that the creation of accommodation space was sufficient to be treated, on average, as a constant, even though there clearly are local effects on the thickness or areal extent of any given bed, as discussed above.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Channels_and_Cyclothems:_A_Summary_Model&diff=20099&oldid=prevAlan.Myers at 14:44, 23 August 20232023-08-23T14:44:09Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:44, 23 August 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wanless and Weller (1932)<ref>Wanless, H.R., and J.M. Weller, 1932, Correlation and extent of Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 1003–1016.</ref> introduced the term “cyclothem” to describe apparently repeating sequences of lithologies in coal-bearing rock sections of Pennsylvanian age (Langenheim and Nelson 1992)<ref>Langenheim, R.H., and W.J. Nelson, 1992, The cyclothemic concept in the Illinois Basin: A review, ''in'' R.H. Dott Jr., ed., Eustasy: The historical ups and downs of a major geological concept: Geological Society of America, Memoir 180, p. 55–71.</ref>. These authors tied such successions to sea-level fluctuations driven by the waxing and waning of polar glaciers during the Pennsylvanian, a model that has proven remarkably robust and continues in use today (e.g., de Wet et al.1997<ref>de Wet, C.B., S.O. Moshier, J.C. Hower, A.P. de Wet, S.T. Brennan, C.T. Helfrich, and A.L. Raymond, 1997, Disrupted coal and carbonate facies within two Pennsylvanian cyclothems, southern Illinois Basin, United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 1231–1248.</ref>; Heckel et al. 2007<ref name=":0">Heckel, P.H., A.S. Alekseev, J.E. Barrick, D.R. Boardman, N.Y. Goreva, T.I. Nemyrovska, K. Ueno, E. Villa, and D.M. Work, 2007, Cyclothem [“digital”] correlation and biostratigraphy across the global Moscovian–Kasimovian–Gzhelian stage boundary interval (Middle–Upper Pennsylvanian) in North America and eastern Europe: Geology, v. 35, p. 607–610.</ref>; Heckel 2008<ref name=":1">Heckel, P.H., 2008, Pennsylvanian cyclothems in Midcontinent North America as far-field effects of waxing and waning of Gondwana ice sheets, ''in'' C.R. Fielding, T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, p. 275–289.</ref>; Eros et al. 2012<ref name=":2">Eros, J.M., I.P. Montañez, D.A. Osleger, V.I. Davydov, T.I. Nemyrovska, V.I. Poletaev, and M.V. Zhykalyak, 2012, Sequence stratigraphy and onlap history of the Donets Basin, Ukraine: Insight into Carboniferous icehouse dynamics: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 313– 314, p. 1–25.</ref>; Waters and Condon 2012<ref name=":3">Waters, C.N. and D.J. Condon, 2012, Nature and timing of Late Mississippian to Mid-Pennsylvanian glacioeustatic sea-level changes of the Pennine Basin, UK: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 169, p. 37–51.</ref>). Challenges to the cyclothem concept reflect various attempts to outright discredit it (e.g., Wilkinson et al. 2003<ref>Wilkinson, B.H., G.K. Merrill, and S.J. Kivett, 2003, Stratal order in Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 1068–1087.</ref>), to demonstrate control by local, coastal sedimentary processes (e.g., Horne et al. 1978<ref name=":4">Horne, J.C., J.C. Ferm, F.T. Caruccio, and B.P. Baganz, 1978, Depositional models in coal exploration and mine planning in the Appalachian region: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 62, no. 12, p. 2379–2411.</ref>; Ferm and Cavaroc 1979<ref>Ferm, J.C., and V.V. Cavaroc, 1979, A nonmarine sedimentary model for the Allegheny rocks of West Virginia, ''in'' G.D. Klein, ed., Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic continental sedimentation, northeastern North America: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 106, p. 1–19.</ref>) or by structural geological movements (e.g., Ferm and Weisenfluh 1989<ref>Ferm, J.C., and G.A. Weisenfluh, 1989, Evolution of some depositional models in late Carboniferous rocks of the Appalachian coal fields: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 12, p. 259–292.</ref>), or to subsume it terminologically within sea-level-driven sequence stratigraphic models (e.g., Bohacs and Suter 1997<ref name=":5">Bohacs, K., and J. Suter, 1997, Sequence stratigraphic distribution of coaly rocks: Fundamental controls and paralic examples: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1612–1639.</ref>). The recurrent patterns discussed here, in relation to the Galatia channel and similar features in other coals, only serve to strengthen the argument for a periodically repeating class of natural phenomena as drivers of lithological sequences in Pennsylvanian cratonic coal-bearing rock sequences. The relatively recent additions of climate (e.g., Cecil et al. 2003a<ref name=":6">Cecil, C.B., F.T. Dulong, R.A. Harris, J.C. Cobb, H.J. Gluskoter, and H. Nugroho, 2003a, Observations on climate and sediment discharge in selected tropical rivers, Indonesia, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 77, p. 29–50, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0029.</ref>, 2003b<ref name=":7">Cecil, C.B., F.T., Dulong, R.R. West, R. Stamm, B. Wardlaw, and N.T. Edgar, 2003b, Climate controls on the stratigraphy of a Middle Pennsylvanian cyclothem in North America, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 77, p. 151–180, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0151.</ref>; Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, and D. Pollard, 2007, Orbital and CO<sub>2</sub> forcing of late Paleozoic continental ice sheets: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, paper L19708, [https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031188 https://doi. org/10.1029/2007GL031188].</ref>; Peyser and Poulsen 2008<ref name=":9">Peyser, C.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2008, Controls on Permo-Carboniferous precipitation over tropical Pangaea: A GCM sensitivity study: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 268, p. 181–192.</ref>; Bishop et al. 2010<ref>Bishop, J.W., I.P. Montañez, and D.A. Osleger, 2010, Dynamic Carboniferous climate change, Arrow Canyon, Nevada: Geosphere, v. 6, p. 1–34.</ref>) and of the ties between climate and sedimentation patterns (Cecil and Dulong 2003<ref name=":10">Cecil, C.B., and F.T. Dulong, 2003, Precipitation models for sediment supply in warm climates, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 77, p. 21–27.</ref>) provide a more complete framework for explaining cyclothemic patterns in space and time, particularly those permitting escape from an either–or focus on allocyclic versus autocyclic underlying controls (in the terminology of Beerbower 1964<ref>Beerbower, J.R., 1964, Cyclothems and cyclic depositional mechanisms in alluvial plain sedimentation: Kansas State Geological Survey, Bulletin 169, p. 32–42.</ref>) while recognizing the role and context of each.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wanless and Weller (1932)<ref>Wanless, H.R., and J.M. Weller, 1932, Correlation and extent of Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 1003–1016.</ref> introduced the term “cyclothem” to describe apparently repeating sequences of lithologies in coal-bearing rock sections of Pennsylvanian age (Langenheim and Nelson 1992)<ref>Langenheim, R.H., and W.J. Nelson, 1992, The cyclothemic concept in the Illinois Basin: A review, ''in'' R.H. Dott Jr., ed., Eustasy: The historical ups and downs of a major geological concept: Geological Society of America, Memoir 180, p. 55–71.</ref>. These authors tied such successions to sea-level fluctuations driven by the waxing and waning of polar glaciers during the Pennsylvanian, a model that has proven remarkably robust and continues in use today (e.g., de Wet et al.1997<ref>de Wet, C.B., S.O. Moshier, J.C. Hower, A.P. de Wet, S.T. Brennan, C.T. Helfrich, and A.L. Raymond, 1997, Disrupted coal and carbonate facies within two Pennsylvanian cyclothems, southern Illinois Basin, United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 1231–1248.</ref>; Heckel et al. 2007<ref name=":0">Heckel, P.H., A.S. Alekseev, J.E. Barrick, D.R. Boardman, N.Y. Goreva, T.I. Nemyrovska, K. Ueno, E. Villa, and D.M. Work, 2007, Cyclothem [“digital”] correlation and biostratigraphy across the global Moscovian–Kasimovian–Gzhelian stage boundary interval (Middle–Upper Pennsylvanian) in North America and eastern Europe: Geology, v. 35, p. 607–610.</ref>; Heckel 2008<ref name=":1">Heckel, P.H., 2008, Pennsylvanian cyclothems in Midcontinent North America as far-field effects of waxing and waning of Gondwana ice sheets, ''in'' C.R. Fielding, T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, p. 275–289.</ref>; Eros et al. 2012<ref name=":2">Eros, J.M., I.P. Montañez, D.A. Osleger, V.I. Davydov, T.I. Nemyrovska, V.I. Poletaev, and M.V. Zhykalyak, 2012, Sequence stratigraphy and onlap history of the Donets Basin, Ukraine: Insight into Carboniferous icehouse dynamics: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 313– 314, p. 1–25.</ref>; Waters and Condon 2012<ref name=":3">Waters, C.N. and D.J. Condon, 2012, Nature and timing of Late Mississippian to Mid-Pennsylvanian glacioeustatic sea-level changes of the Pennine Basin, UK: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 169, p. 37–51.</ref>). Challenges to the cyclothem concept reflect various attempts to outright discredit it (e.g., Wilkinson et al. 2003<ref>Wilkinson, B.H., G.K. Merrill, and S.J. Kivett, 2003, Stratal order in Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 1068–1087.</ref>), to demonstrate control by local, coastal sedimentary processes (e.g., Horne et al. 1978<ref name=":4">Horne, J.C., J.C. Ferm, F.T. Caruccio, and B.P. Baganz, 1978, Depositional models in coal exploration and mine planning in the Appalachian region: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 62, no. 12, p. 2379–2411.</ref>; Ferm and Cavaroc 1979<ref>Ferm, J.C., and V.V. Cavaroc, 1979, A nonmarine sedimentary model for the Allegheny rocks of West Virginia, ''in'' G.D. Klein, ed., Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic continental sedimentation, northeastern North America: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 106, p. 1–19.</ref>) or by structural geological movements (e.g., Ferm and Weisenfluh 1989<ref>Ferm, J.C., and G.A. Weisenfluh, 1989, Evolution of some depositional models in late Carboniferous rocks of the Appalachian coal fields: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 12, p. 259–292.</ref>), or to subsume it terminologically within sea-level-driven sequence stratigraphic models (e.g., Bohacs and Suter 1997<ref name=":5">Bohacs, K., and J. Suter, 1997, Sequence stratigraphic distribution of coaly rocks: Fundamental controls and paralic examples: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1612–1639.</ref>). The recurrent patterns discussed here, in relation to the Galatia channel and similar features in other coals, only serve to strengthen the argument for a periodically repeating class of natural phenomena as drivers of lithological sequences in Pennsylvanian cratonic coal-bearing rock sequences. The relatively recent additions of climate (e.g., Cecil et al. 2003a<ref name=":6">Cecil, C.B., F.T. Dulong, R.A. Harris, J.C. Cobb, H.J. Gluskoter, and H. Nugroho, 2003a, Observations on climate and sediment discharge in selected tropical rivers, Indonesia, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 77, p. 29–50, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0029.</ref>, 2003b<ref name=":7">Cecil, C.B., F.T., Dulong, R.R. West, R. Stamm, B. Wardlaw, and N.T. Edgar, 2003b, Climate controls on the stratigraphy of a Middle Pennsylvanian cyclothem in North America, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 77, p. 151–180, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0151.</ref>; Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, and D. Pollard, 2007, Orbital and CO<sub>2</sub> forcing of late Paleozoic continental ice sheets: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, paper L19708, [https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031188 https://doi. org/10.1029/2007GL031188].</ref>; Peyser and Poulsen 2008<ref name=":9">Peyser, C.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2008, Controls on Permo-Carboniferous precipitation over tropical Pangaea: A GCM sensitivity study: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 268, p. 181–192.</ref>; Bishop et al. 2010<ref>Bishop, J.W., I.P. Montañez, and D.A. Osleger, 2010, Dynamic Carboniferous climate change, Arrow Canyon, Nevada: Geosphere, v. 6, p. 1–34.</ref>) and of the ties between climate and sedimentation patterns (Cecil and Dulong 2003<ref name=":10">Cecil, C.B., and F.T. Dulong, 2003, Precipitation models for sediment supply in warm climates, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 77, p. 21–27.</ref>) provide a more complete framework for explaining cyclothemic patterns in space and time, particularly those permitting escape from an either–or focus on allocyclic versus autocyclic underlying controls (in the terminology of Beerbower 1964<ref>Beerbower, J.R., 1964, Cyclothems and cyclic depositional mechanisms in alluvial plain sedimentation: Kansas State Geological Survey, Bulletin 169, p. 32–42.</ref>) while recognizing the role and context of each.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:C605-Figure-58.jpg|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-58.jpg}}|thumb]]</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:C605-Figure-59.jpg|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-59.jpg}}|thumb]]</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><li style="display: inline-block;">[[File:C605-Figure-60.jpg|500px|{{File:C605-Figure-60.jpg}}|thumb]]</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Channels_and_Cyclothems:_A_Summary_Model&diff=20098&oldid=prevAlan.Myers: /* Channels and Cyclothems: A Summary Model */2023-08-23T14:43:00Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Channels and Cyclothems: A Summary Model</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wanless and Weller (1932)<ref>Wanless, H.R., and J.M. Weller, 1932, Correlation and extent of Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 1003–1016.</ref> introduced the term “cyclothem” to describe apparently repeating sequences of lithologies in coal-bearing rock sections of Pennsylvanian age (Langenheim and Nelson 1992)<ref>Langenheim, R.H., and W.J. Nelson, 1992, The cyclothemic concept in the Illinois Basin: A review, ''in'' R.H. Dott Jr., ed., Eustasy: The historical ups and downs of a major geological concept: Geological Society of America, Memoir 180, p. 55–71.</ref>. These authors tied such successions to sea-level fluctuations driven by the waxing and waning of polar glaciers during the Pennsylvanian, a model that has proven remarkably robust and continues in use today (e.g., de Wet et al.1997<ref>de Wet, C.B., S.O. Moshier, J.C. Hower, A.P. de Wet, S.T. Brennan, C.T. Helfrich, and A.L. Raymond, 1997, Disrupted coal and carbonate facies within two Pennsylvanian cyclothems, southern Illinois Basin, United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 1231–1248.</ref>; Heckel et al. 2007<ref name=":0">Heckel, P.H., A.S. Alekseev, J.E. Barrick, D.R. Boardman, N.Y. Goreva, T.I. Nemyrovska, K. Ueno, E. Villa, and D.M. Work, 2007, Cyclothem [“digital”] correlation and biostratigraphy across the global Moscovian–Kasimovian–Gzhelian stage boundary interval (Middle–Upper Pennsylvanian) in North America and eastern Europe: Geology, v. 35, p. 607–610.</ref>; Heckel 2008<ref name=":1">Heckel, P.H., 2008, Pennsylvanian cyclothems in Midcontinent North America as far-field effects of waxing and waning of Gondwana ice sheets, ''in'' C.R. Fielding, T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, p. 275–289.</ref>; Eros et al. 2012<ref name=":2">Eros, J.M., I.P. Montañez, D.A. Osleger, V.I. Davydov, T.I. Nemyrovska, V.I. Poletaev, and M.V. Zhykalyak, 2012, Sequence stratigraphy and onlap history of the Donets Basin, Ukraine: Insight into Carboniferous icehouse dynamics: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 313– 314, p. 1–25.</ref>; Waters and Condon 2012<ref name=":3">Waters, C.N. and D.J. Condon, 2012, Nature and timing of Late Mississippian to Mid-Pennsylvanian glacioeustatic sea-level changes of the Pennine Basin, UK: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 169, p. 37–51.</ref>). Challenges to the cyclothem concept reflect various attempts to outright discredit it (e.g., Wilkinson et al. 2003<ref>Wilkinson, B.H., G.K. Merrill, and S.J. Kivett, 2003, Stratal order in Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 1068–1087.</ref>), to demonstrate control by local, coastal sedimentary processes (e.g., Horne et al. 1978<ref name=":4">Horne, J.C., J.C. Ferm, F.T. Caruccio, and B.P. Baganz, 1978, Depositional models in coal exploration and mine planning in the Appalachian region: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 62, no. 12, p. 2379–2411.</ref>; Ferm and Cavaroc 1979<ref>Ferm, J.C., and V.V. Cavaroc, 1979, A nonmarine sedimentary model for the Allegheny rocks of West Virginia, ''in'' G.D. Klein, ed., Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic continental sedimentation, northeastern North America: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 106, p. 1–19.</ref>) or by structural geological movements (e.g., Ferm and Weisenfluh 1989<ref>Ferm, J.C., and G.A. Weisenfluh, 1989, Evolution of some depositional models in late Carboniferous rocks of the Appalachian coal fields: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 12, p. 259–292.</ref>), or to subsume it terminologically within sea-level-driven sequence stratigraphic models (e.g., Bohacs and Suter 1997<ref name=":5">Bohacs, K., and J. Suter, 1997, Sequence stratigraphic distribution of coaly rocks: Fundamental controls and paralic examples: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1612–1639.</ref>). The recurrent patterns discussed here, in relation to the Galatia channel and similar features in other coals, only serve to strengthen the argument for a periodically repeating class of natural phenomena as drivers of lithological sequences in Pennsylvanian cratonic coal-bearing rock sequences. The relatively recent additions of climate (e.g., Cecil et al. 2003a<ref name=":6">Cecil, C.B., F.T. Dulong, R.A. Harris, J.C. Cobb, H.J. Gluskoter, and H. Nugroho, 2003a, Observations on climate and sediment discharge in selected tropical rivers, Indonesia, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 77, p. 29–50, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0029.</ref>, 2003b<ref name=":7">Cecil, C.B., F.T., Dulong, R.R. West, R. Stamm, B. Wardlaw, and N.T. Edgar, 2003b, Climate controls on the stratigraphy of a Middle Pennsylvanian cyclothem in North America, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 77, p. 151–180, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0151.</ref>; Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, and D. Pollard, 2007, Orbital and CO<sub>2</sub> forcing of late Paleozoic continental ice sheets: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, paper L19708, [https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031188 https://doi. org/10.1029/2007GL031188].</ref>; Peyser and Poulsen 2008<ref name=":9">Peyser, C.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2008, Controls on Permo-Carboniferous precipitation over tropical Pangaea: A GCM sensitivity study: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 268, p. 181–192.</ref>; Bishop et al. 2010<ref>Bishop, J.W., I.P. Montañez, and D.A. Osleger, 2010, Dynamic Carboniferous climate change, Arrow Canyon, Nevada: Geosphere, v. 6, p. 1–34.</ref>) and of the ties between climate and sedimentation patterns (Cecil and Dulong 2003<ref name=":10">Cecil, C.B., and F.T. Dulong, 2003, Precipitation models for sediment supply in warm climates, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 77, p. 21–27.</ref>) provide a more complete framework for explaining cyclothemic patterns in space and time, particularly those permitting escape from an either–or focus on allocyclic versus autocyclic underlying controls (in the terminology of Beerbower 1964<ref>Beerbower, J.R., 1964, Cyclothems and cyclic depositional mechanisms in alluvial plain sedimentation: Kansas State Geological Survey, Bulletin 169, p. 32–42.</ref>) while recognizing the role and context of each.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wanless and Weller (1932)<ref>Wanless, H.R., and J.M. Weller, 1932, Correlation and extent of Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 1003–1016.</ref> introduced the term “cyclothem” to describe apparently repeating sequences of lithologies in coal-bearing rock sections of Pennsylvanian age (Langenheim and Nelson 1992)<ref>Langenheim, R.H., and W.J. Nelson, 1992, The cyclothemic concept in the Illinois Basin: A review, ''in'' R.H. Dott Jr., ed., Eustasy: The historical ups and downs of a major geological concept: Geological Society of America, Memoir 180, p. 55–71.</ref>. These authors tied such successions to sea-level fluctuations driven by the waxing and waning of polar glaciers during the Pennsylvanian, a model that has proven remarkably robust and continues in use today (e.g., de Wet et al.1997<ref>de Wet, C.B., S.O. Moshier, J.C. Hower, A.P. de Wet, S.T. Brennan, C.T. Helfrich, and A.L. Raymond, 1997, Disrupted coal and carbonate facies within two Pennsylvanian cyclothems, southern Illinois Basin, United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 1231–1248.</ref>; Heckel et al. 2007<ref name=":0">Heckel, P.H., A.S. Alekseev, J.E. Barrick, D.R. Boardman, N.Y. Goreva, T.I. Nemyrovska, K. Ueno, E. Villa, and D.M. Work, 2007, Cyclothem [“digital”] correlation and biostratigraphy across the global Moscovian–Kasimovian–Gzhelian stage boundary interval (Middle–Upper Pennsylvanian) in North America and eastern Europe: Geology, v. 35, p. 607–610.</ref>; Heckel 2008<ref name=":1">Heckel, P.H., 2008, Pennsylvanian cyclothems in Midcontinent North America as far-field effects of waxing and waning of Gondwana ice sheets, ''in'' C.R. Fielding, T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, p. 275–289.</ref>; Eros et al. 2012<ref name=":2">Eros, J.M., I.P. Montañez, D.A. Osleger, V.I. Davydov, T.I. Nemyrovska, V.I. Poletaev, and M.V. Zhykalyak, 2012, Sequence stratigraphy and onlap history of the Donets Basin, Ukraine: Insight into Carboniferous icehouse dynamics: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 313– 314, p. 1–25.</ref>; Waters and Condon 2012<ref name=":3">Waters, C.N. and D.J. Condon, 2012, Nature and timing of Late Mississippian to Mid-Pennsylvanian glacioeustatic sea-level changes of the Pennine Basin, UK: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 169, p. 37–51.</ref>). Challenges to the cyclothem concept reflect various attempts to outright discredit it (e.g., Wilkinson et al. 2003<ref>Wilkinson, B.H., G.K. Merrill, and S.J. Kivett, 2003, Stratal order in Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 1068–1087.</ref>), to demonstrate control by local, coastal sedimentary processes (e.g., Horne et al. 1978<ref name=":4">Horne, J.C., J.C. Ferm, F.T. Caruccio, and B.P. Baganz, 1978, Depositional models in coal exploration and mine planning in the Appalachian region: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 62, no. 12, p. 2379–2411.</ref>; Ferm and Cavaroc 1979<ref>Ferm, J.C., and V.V. Cavaroc, 1979, A nonmarine sedimentary model for the Allegheny rocks of West Virginia, ''in'' G.D. Klein, ed., Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic continental sedimentation, northeastern North America: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 106, p. 1–19.</ref>) or by structural geological movements (e.g., Ferm and Weisenfluh 1989<ref>Ferm, J.C., and G.A. Weisenfluh, 1989, Evolution of some depositional models in late Carboniferous rocks of the Appalachian coal fields: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 12, p. 259–292.</ref>), or to subsume it terminologically within sea-level-driven sequence stratigraphic models (e.g., Bohacs and Suter 1997<ref name=":5">Bohacs, K., and J. Suter, 1997, Sequence stratigraphic distribution of coaly rocks: Fundamental controls and paralic examples: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1612–1639.</ref>). The recurrent patterns discussed here, in relation to the Galatia channel and similar features in other coals, only serve to strengthen the argument for a periodically repeating class of natural phenomena as drivers of lithological sequences in Pennsylvanian cratonic coal-bearing rock sequences. The relatively recent additions of climate (e.g., Cecil et al. 2003a<ref name=":6">Cecil, C.B., F.T. Dulong, R.A. Harris, J.C. Cobb, H.J. Gluskoter, and H. Nugroho, 2003a, Observations on climate and sediment discharge in selected tropical rivers, Indonesia, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 77, p. 29–50, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0029.</ref>, 2003b<ref name=":7">Cecil, C.B., F.T., Dulong, R.R. West, R. Stamm, B. Wardlaw, and N.T. Edgar, 2003b, Climate controls on the stratigraphy of a Middle Pennsylvanian cyclothem in North America, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 77, p. 151–180, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.77.0151.</ref>; Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, and D. Pollard, 2007, Orbital and CO<sub>2</sub> forcing of late Paleozoic continental ice sheets: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, paper L19708, [https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031188 https://doi. org/10.1029/2007GL031188].</ref>; Peyser and Poulsen 2008<ref name=":9">Peyser, C.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2008, Controls on Permo-Carboniferous precipitation over tropical Pangaea: A GCM sensitivity study: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 268, p. 181–192.</ref>; Bishop et al. 2010<ref>Bishop, J.W., I.P. Montañez, and D.A. Osleger, 2010, Dynamic Carboniferous climate change, Arrow Canyon, Nevada: Geosphere, v. 6, p. 1–34.</ref>) and of the ties between climate and sedimentation patterns (Cecil and Dulong 2003<ref name=":10">Cecil, C.B., and F.T. Dulong, 2003, Precipitation models for sediment supply in warm climates, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 77, p. 21–27.</ref>) provide a more complete framework for explaining cyclothemic patterns in space and time, particularly those permitting escape from an either–or focus on allocyclic versus autocyclic underlying controls (in the terminology of Beerbower 1964<ref>Beerbower, J.R., 1964, Cyclothems and cyclic depositional mechanisms in alluvial plain sedimentation: Kansas State Geological Survey, Bulletin 169, p. 32–42.</ref>) while recognizing the role and context of each.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The modern cyclothem concept takes full account of sequence stratigraphy, including autocyclic processes, such as the formation of deltas, within a framework of sea-level change. The proximate driving force of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian sea-level change still appears to be changes in grounded ice volume, mainly in the south polar and mountainous regions of Gondwana. However, questions have been raised about the sufficiency of the volume of ice (Isbell et al. 2003<ref>Isbell, J.L., P.A. Lenaker, R.A. Askin, M.F. Miller, and L.E. Babcock, 2003, Reevaluation of the timing and extent of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: Role of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 977–980.</ref>; Horton and Poulsen 2009<ref>Horton, D.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2009, Paradox of late Paleozoic glacioeustasy: Geology, v. 37, p. 715–718.</ref>; Henry et al. 2010<ref>Henry, L.C., J.L. Isbell, C.O. Limarino, L.J. McHenry, and M.L. Fraiser, 2010, Mid-Carboniferous deglaciation of the recorded in the Agua de Jagüel palaeovalley: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 298, p. 112–129.</ref>) and whether it was present at all (Fielding et al. 2008<ref>Fielding, C.R., T.D. Frank, and J.L. Isbell, eds., 2008, Resolving the Late Paleozoic Ice Age in time and space: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 441, 354 p.</ref>; Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11">Gulbranson, E.L., I.P. Montañez, M.D. Schmitz, C.O. Limarino, J.L. Isbell, S.A. Marenssi, and J.L. Crowley, 2010, High-precision U-Pb calibration of Carboniferous glaciation and climate history, Paganzo Group, NW Argentina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1480–1498.</ref>) during some intervals of the Pennsylvanian (such as the Kasimovian; e.g., see Gulbranson et al. 2010<ref name=":11" />), during which cyclothemic sequences nonetheless continue to be found in the equatorial regions of central and west-central Pangaea. We will take as a given that cyclothems reflect covariant changes in sea level, climate, and sediment transport volume linked to variations in ice volume (Horton et al. 2007<ref name=":8" />, 2012<ref name=":12">Horton, D.E., C.J. Poulsen, I.P. Montañez, and W.A. DiMichele, 2012, Eccentricity-paced late Paleozoic climate change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 331–332, p. 150–161.</ref>).</div></td></tr>
</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Channels_and_Cyclothems:_A_Summary_Model&diff=20069&oldid=prevAlan.Myers at 21:45, 22 August 20232023-08-22T21:45:24Z<p></p>
<a href="https://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Channels_and_Cyclothems:_A_Summary_Model&diff=20069&oldid=19940">Show changes</a>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Channels_and_Cyclothems:_A_Summary_Model&diff=19940&oldid=prevAlan.Myers at 14:42, 17 August 20232023-08-17T14:42:16Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:42, 17 August 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tidal deposition continued in the gray shale wedge throughout its thickness of as much as 98.4 ft (30 m) in areas adjacent to the channel. Brackish water invertebrates appear in the higher levels, primarily inarticulate brachiopods and pelecypods of various types. At the same time, plant fossil content decreases sharply several feet (meters) above the top of the coal. The plants become increasingly scrappy and appear to be entirely allochthonous, perhaps reflecting some transport of organic matter from the shoreline, which was moving rapidly inland, flooding and drowning coastal vegetation. Evidence of normal marine salinities is very restricted in the gray shale wedges and appears to be confined to those parts that may represent the most offshore reaches, such as that represented by the so-called Essex fauna in the Francis Creek Shale, above the Colchester Coal (Johnson and Richardson 1966). Evidence of a once greater lateral extent of the gray shale wedge is represented particularly by finer grained siltstone in erosional remnants many miles (kilometers) from the main channel. The erosional remnant nature of these gray deposits is indicated by the remnants of marine shell-hash lags and the overlying and onlapping nature of the marine black shale with the erosional basal contact, as well as the still greater extent and onlap of the marine limestone above the black shale. All these combine to place the gray shale wedge and its once continuous outliers below the marine transgression that ultimately covered the peat swamp.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tidal deposition continued in the gray shale wedge throughout its thickness of as much as 98.4 ft (30 m) in areas adjacent to the channel. Brackish water invertebrates appear in the higher levels, primarily inarticulate brachiopods and pelecypods of various types. At the same time, plant fossil content decreases sharply several feet (meters) above the top of the coal. The plants become increasingly scrappy and appear to be entirely allochthonous, perhaps reflecting some transport of organic matter from the shoreline, which was moving rapidly inland, flooding and drowning coastal vegetation. Evidence of normal marine salinities is very restricted in the gray shale wedges and appears to be confined to those parts that may represent the most offshore reaches, such as that represented by the so-called Essex fauna in the Francis Creek Shale, above the Colchester Coal (Johnson and Richardson 1966). Evidence of a once greater lateral extent of the gray shale wedge is represented particularly by finer grained siltstone in erosional remnants many miles (kilometers) from the main channel. The erosional remnant nature of these gray deposits is indicated by the remnants of marine shell-hash lags and the overlying and onlapping nature of the marine black shale with the erosional basal contact, as well as the still greater extent and onlap of the marine limestone above the black shale. All these combine to place the gray shale wedge and its once continuous outliers below the marine transgression that ultimately covered the peat swamp.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Galatia Channel Page}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Galatia Channel Page}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Archer, A.W., and E.P. Kvale, 1993, Origin of gray shale lithofacies (clastic wedges) in U.S. Midcontinent coal measures (Pennsylvanian): An alternate explanation: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 286, p. 181–192.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Archer, A.W., H.R. Feldman, E.P. Kvale, and W.P. Lanier, 1994, Comparison of drier- to wetter-interval estuarine roof facies in the Eastern and Western Interior coal basins, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 106, p. 171–185.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Baird, G.C., and C.W. Shabica, 1980, The Mazon Creek depositional event; examination of Francis Creek and analogous facies in the Midcontinent region, in R.L. Langenheim and C.J. Mann, eds., Middle and Late Pennsylvanian strata on margin of Illinois Basin, Vermilion County, Illinois, Vermillion and Parke Counties, Indiana: 10th Annual Field Conference, Great Lakes Section: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p. 79–92.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Banerjee, S., A. Raymond, and M.M. Tice, 2010, Oxygen levels and sub-Milankovitch sedimentary cycles in the Hushpuckney Shale (Swope Formation, Kasimovian, Pennsylvanian): Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 42, no. 5, p. 528.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Bauer, R.A., and P.J. DeMaris, 1982, Geologic investigation of roof and floor strata: Longwall demonstration, Old Ben Mine No. 24: Illinois State Geological Survey, Contract/Grant Report 1982-2, 49 p. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Beerbower, J.R., 1964. Cyclothems and cyclic depositional mechanisms in alluvial plain sedimentation: Kansas State Geological Survey, Bulletin 169, p. 32–42.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Bishop, J.W., I.P. Montañez, and D.A. Osleger, 2010, Dynamic Carboniferous climate change, Arrow Canyon, Nevada: Geosphere, v. 6, p. 1–34.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Bohacs, K., and J. Suter, 1997. Sequence stratigraphic distribution of coaly rocks: Fundamental controls and paralic examples: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1612–1639.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Catena, A., and D. Hembree, 2012, Recognizing vertical and lateral variability in terrestrial landscapes: A case study from the paleosols of the Late Pennsylvanian Casselman Formation (Conemaugh Group), southeast Ohio, USA: Geosciences, v. 2, p. 178–202.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Cecil, C.B., and F.T. Dulong, 2003, Precipitation models for sediment supply in warm climates, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 77, p. 21–27. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Cecil, C.B., F.T. Dulong, R.A. Harris, J.C. Cobb, H.J. Gluskoter, and H. Nugroho, 2003a, Observations on climate and sediment discharge in selected tropical rivers, Indonesia, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy,: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication 77, p. 29–50.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Cecil, C.B., F.T., Dulong, R.R. West, R. Stamm, B. Wardlaw, and N.T. Edgar, 2003b, Climate controls on the stratigraphy of a Middle Pennsylvanian cyclothem in North America, in C.B. Cecil and N.T. Edgar, eds., Climate controls on stratigraphy: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 77, p. 151–180. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Joeckel, R.M., 1995, Paleosols below the Ames marine unit (Upper Pennsylvanian, Conemaugh Group) in the Appalachian Basin, U.S.A.: Variability on an ancient depositional landscape: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 65, p. 393–407.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Joeckel, R.M., 1999, Paleosol in Galesburg Formation (Kansas City Group, Upper Pennsylvanian), Northern Midcontinent, U.S.A.: Evidence for climate change and mechanisms of marine transgression: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 69, p. 720–737. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Johnson, R.G., and E.S. Richardson Jr., 1966, A remarkable Pennsylvanian fauna from the Mazon Creek area, Illinois: Journal of Geology, v. 74, p. 626–631.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Kvale, E.P., and A.E. Archer, 2007, Paleovalley fills: Trunk vs. tributary: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 91, p. 809–821.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Kvale, E.P., and M. Mastalerz, 1998, Evidence of ancient freshwater tidal deposits: SEPM Special Publication 61, p. 95–107. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Langenheim, R.H., and W.J. Nelson, 1992, The cyclothemic concept in the Illinois Basin: A review, in R.H. Dott Jr., Eustasy: The historical ups and downs of a major geological concept: Geological Society of America, Memoir 180, p. 55–71.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Miller, K.B., T.J. McCahon, and R.R. West, 1996, Lower Permian (Wolfcampian) paleosol-bearing cycles of the U.S. Midcontinent: Evidence of climatic cyclicity: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 66, no. 1, p. 71–84. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Peyser, C.E., and C.J. Poulsen, 2008. Controls on Permo-Carboniferous precipitation over tropical Pangaea: A GCM sensitivity study: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 268, p. 181–192.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Rosenau, N.A., N.J. Tabor, S.D. Elrick, and W.J. Nelson, 2013, Polygenetic history of paleosols in Middle-Upper Pennsylvanian cyclothems of the Illinois basin, U.S.A.: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 83, p. 606–668. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Schmitz, M.D., and V.I. Davydov, 2012, Quantitative radiometric and biostratigraphic calibration of the Pennsylvanian–Early Permian (Cisuralian) time scale and pan-Euramerican chronostratigraphic correlation: Geological Society of America, Bulletin 124, v. 549–577. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Tabor, N.J., and C.J. Poulsen, 2008. Palaeoclimate across the Late Pennsylvanian–Early Permian tropical palaeolatitudes: A review of climate indicators, their distribution, and relation to palaeophysiographic climate factors: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 268, p. 293–310.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Tessier, B., A.W. Archer. W.P. Lanier, and H.R. Feldman, 1995, Comparison of ancient tidal rhythmites (Carboniferous of Kansas and Indiana, USA) with modern analogues (the bay of Mont Saint-Michel, France): International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 24, p. 259–271.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Wanless, H.R., 1964. Local and regional factors in Pennsylvanian cyclic sedimentation: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 169, p. 593–605.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Wanless, H.R., and J.M. Weller, 1932, Correlation and extent of Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 1003–1016.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Waters, C.N. and D.J. Condon, 2012, Nature and timing of Late Mississippian to Mid-Pennsylvanian glacioeustatic sea-level changes of the Pennine Basin, UK: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 169, p. 37–51</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Wilkinson, B.H., G.K. Merrill, and S.J. Kivett, 2003, Stratal order in Pennsylvanian cyclothems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 1068–1087.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{#set: Has parent page=Galatia_Channel:Evolution_of_a_Peat_-_Contemporaneous_Channel_-_The_Galatia_Channel,_Middle_Pennsylvanian,_of_the_Illinois_Basin}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{#set: Has parent page=Galatia_Channel:Evolution_of_a_Peat_-_Contemporaneous_Channel_-_The_Galatia_Channel,_Middle_Pennsylvanian,_of_the_Illinois_Basin}}</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{#set:Next_Page=Galatia Channel:Conclusions}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{#set:Next_Page=Galatia Channel:Conclusions}}</div></td></tr>
</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Channels_and_Cyclothems:_A_Summary_Model&diff=18879&oldid=prevAlan.Myers at 15:50, 14 July 20202020-07-14T15:50:44Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wanless and Weller (1932) introduced the term “cyclothem” to describe apparently repeating sequences of lithologies in coal-bearing rock sections of Pennsylvanian age (Langenheim and Nelson 1992). These authors tied such successions to sea-level fluctuations driven by the waxing and waning of polar glaciers during the Pennsylvanian, a model that has proven remarkably robust and continues in use today (e.g., de Wet et al. 1997; Heckel et al. 2007; Heckel 2008; Eros et al. 2012; Waters and Condon 2012). Challenges to the cyclothem concept reflect various attempts to outright discredit it (e.g., Wilkinson et al. 2003), to demonstrate control by local, coastal sedimentary processes (e.g., Horne et al. 1978; Ferm and Cavaroc 1979) or by structural geological movements (e.g., Ferm and Weisenfluh 1989), or to subsume it terminologically within sea-level-driven sequence stratigraphic models (e.g., Bohacs and Suter 1997). The recurrent patterns discussed here, in relation to the Galatia channel and similar features in other coals, only serve to strengthen the argument for a periodically repeating class of natural phenomena as drivers of lithological sequences in Pennsylvanian cratonic coal-bearing rock sequences. The relatively recent additions of climate (e.g., Cecil et al. 2003; Horton et al. 2007; Peyser and Poulsen 2008; Bishop et al. 2010) and of the ties between climate and sedimentation patterns (Cecil and Dulong 2003) provide a more complete framework for explaining cyclothemic patterns in space and time, particularly those permitting escape from an either–or focus on allocyclic versus autocyclic underlying controls (in the terminology of Beerbower 1964) while recognizing the role and context of each.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wanless and Weller (1932) introduced the term “cyclothem” to describe apparently repeating sequences of lithologies in coal-bearing rock sections of Pennsylvanian age (Langenheim and Nelson 1992). These authors tied such successions to sea-level fluctuations driven by the waxing and waning of polar glaciers during the Pennsylvanian, a model that has proven remarkably robust and continues in use today (e.g., de Wet et al. 1997; Heckel et al. 2007; Heckel 2008; Eros et al. 2012; Waters and Condon 2012). Challenges to the cyclothem concept reflect various attempts to outright discredit it (e.g., Wilkinson et al. 2003), to demonstrate control by local, coastal sedimentary processes (e.g., Horne et al. 1978; Ferm and Cavaroc 1979) or by structural geological movements (e.g., Ferm and Weisenfluh 1989), or to subsume it terminologically within sea-level-driven sequence stratigraphic models (e.g., Bohacs and Suter 1997). The recurrent patterns discussed here, in relation to the Galatia channel and similar features in other coals, only serve to strengthen the argument for a periodically repeating class of natural phenomena as drivers of lithological sequences in Pennsylvanian cratonic coal-bearing rock sequences. The relatively recent additions of climate (e.g., Cecil et al. 2003; Horton et al. 2007; Peyser and Poulsen 2008; Bishop et al. 2010) and of the ties between climate and sedimentation patterns (Cecil and Dulong 2003) provide a more complete framework for explaining cyclothemic patterns in space and time, particularly those permitting escape from an either–or focus on allocyclic versus autocyclic underlying controls (in the terminology of Beerbower 1964) while recognizing the role and context of each.</div></td></tr>
</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Channels_and_Cyclothems:_A_Summary_Model&diff=18878&oldid=prevAlan.Myers at 15:50, 14 July 20202020-07-14T15:50:19Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wanless and Weller (1932) introduced the term “cyclothem” to describe apparently repeating sequences of lithologies in coal-bearing rock sections of Pennsylvanian age (Langenheim and Nelson 1992). These authors tied such successions to sea-level fluctuations driven by the waxing and waning of polar glaciers during the Pennsylvanian, a model that has proven remarkably robust and continues in use today (e.g., de Wet et al. 1997; Heckel et al. 2007; Heckel 2008; Eros et al. 2012; Waters and Condon 2012). Challenges to the cyclothem concept reflect various attempts to outright discredit it (e.g., Wilkinson et al. 2003), to demonstrate control by local, coastal sedimentary processes (e.g., Horne et al. 1978; Ferm and Cavaroc 1979) or by structural geological movements (e.g., Ferm and Weisenfluh 1989), or to subsume it terminologically within sea-level-driven sequence stratigraphic models (e.g., Bohacs and Suter 1997). The recurrent patterns discussed here, in relation to the Galatia channel and similar features in other coals, only serve to strengthen the argument for a periodically repeating class of natural phenomena as drivers of lithological sequences in Pennsylvanian cratonic coal-bearing rock sequences. The relatively recent additions of climate (e.g., Cecil et al. 2003; Horton et al. 2007; Peyser and Poulsen 2008; Bishop et al. 2010) and of the ties between climate and sedimentation patterns (Cecil and Dulong 2003) provide a more complete framework for explaining cyclothemic patterns in space and time, particularly those permitting escape from an either–or focus on allocyclic versus autocyclic underlying controls (in the terminology of Beerbower 1964) while recognizing the role and context of each.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wanless and Weller (1932) introduced the term “cyclothem” to describe apparently repeating sequences of lithologies in coal-bearing rock sections of Pennsylvanian age (Langenheim and Nelson 1992). These authors tied such successions to sea-level fluctuations driven by the waxing and waning of polar glaciers during the Pennsylvanian, a model that has proven remarkably robust and continues in use today (e.g., de Wet et al. 1997; Heckel et al. 2007; Heckel 2008; Eros et al. 2012; Waters and Condon 2012). Challenges to the cyclothem concept reflect various attempts to outright discredit it (e.g., Wilkinson et al. 2003), to demonstrate control by local, coastal sedimentary processes (e.g., Horne et al. 1978; Ferm and Cavaroc 1979) or by structural geological movements (e.g., Ferm and Weisenfluh 1989), or to subsume it terminologically within sea-level-driven sequence stratigraphic models (e.g., Bohacs and Suter 1997). The recurrent patterns discussed here, in relation to the Galatia channel and similar features in other coals, only serve to strengthen the argument for a periodically repeating class of natural phenomena as drivers of lithological sequences in Pennsylvanian cratonic coal-bearing rock sequences. The relatively recent additions of climate (e.g., Cecil et al. 2003; Horton et al. 2007; Peyser and Poulsen 2008; Bishop et al. 2010) and of the ties between climate and sedimentation patterns (Cecil and Dulong 2003) provide a more complete framework for explaining cyclothemic patterns in space and time, particularly those permitting escape from an either–or focus on allocyclic versus autocyclic underlying controls (in the terminology of Beerbower 1964) while recognizing the role and context of each.</div></td></tr>
</table>Alan.Myershttps://ilstratwiki.web.illinois.edu/index.php?title=Galatia_Channel:Channels_and_Cyclothems:_A_Summary_Model&diff=18876&oldid=prevAlan.Myers at 15:47, 14 July 20202020-07-14T15:47:46Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tidal deposition continued in the gray shale wedge throughout its thickness of as much as 98.4 ft (30 m) in areas adjacent to the channel. Brackish water invertebrates appear in the higher levels, primarily inarticulate brachiopods and pelecypods of various types. At the same time, plant fossil content decreases sharply several feet (meters) above the top of the coal. The plants become increasingly scrappy and appear to be entirely allochthonous, perhaps reflecting some transport of organic matter from the shoreline, which was moving rapidly inland, flooding and drowning coastal vegetation. Evidence of normal marine salinities is very restricted in the gray shale wedges and appears to be confined to those parts that may represent the most offshore reaches, such as that represented by the so-called Essex fauna in the Francis Creek Shale, above the Colchester Coal (Johnson and Richardson 1966). Evidence of a once greater lateral extent of the gray shale wedge is represented particularly by finer grained siltstone in erosional remnants many miles (kilometers) from the main channel. The erosional remnant nature of these gray deposits is indicated by the remnants of marine shell-hash lags and the overlying and onlapping nature of the marine black shale with the erosional basal contact, as well as the still greater extent and onlap of the marine limestone above the black shale. All these combine to place the gray shale wedge and its once continuous outliers below the marine transgression that ultimately covered the peat swamp.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tidal deposition continued in the gray shale wedge throughout its thickness of as much as 98.4 ft (30 m) in areas adjacent to the channel. Brackish water invertebrates appear in the higher levels, primarily inarticulate brachiopods and pelecypods of various types. At the same time, plant fossil content decreases sharply several feet (meters) above the top of the coal. The plants become increasingly scrappy and appear to be entirely allochthonous, perhaps reflecting some transport of organic matter from the shoreline, which was moving rapidly inland, flooding and drowning coastal vegetation. Evidence of normal marine salinities is very restricted in the gray shale wedges and appears to be confined to those parts that may represent the most offshore reaches, such as that represented by the so-called Essex fauna in the Francis Creek Shale, above the Colchester Coal (Johnson and Richardson 1966). Evidence of a once greater lateral extent of the gray shale wedge is represented particularly by finer grained siltstone in erosional remnants many miles (kilometers) from the main channel. The erosional remnant nature of these gray deposits is indicated by the remnants of marine shell-hash lags and the overlying and onlapping nature of the marine black shale with the erosional basal contact, as well as the still greater extent and onlap of the marine limestone above the black shale. All these combine to place the gray shale wedge and its once continuous outliers below the marine transgression that ultimately covered the peat swamp.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Galatia Channel Page}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Galatia Channel Page}}</div></td></tr>
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</table>Alan.Myers