Francis Creek Shale Member: Difference between revisions

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|category2=Pennsylvanian Subsystem
|category2=Pennsylvanian Subsystem
|category3=Absaroka Sequence
|category3=Absaroka Sequence
|category4=Kewanee Group
|category4=Desmoinesian Series
|category5=Desmoinesian Series
|category5=Carbondale Formation
|category6=Carbondale Formation
|category6=Shale
|category7=Shale
|tree1=Carbondale Formation
|tree1=Kewanee Group
|tree2=Francis Creek Shale Member
|tree2=Carbondale Formation
|tree3=Francis Creek Shale Member
|tree21=Paleozoic Erathem
|tree21=Paleozoic Erathem
|tree22=Pennsylvanian Subsystem
|tree22=Pennsylvanian Subsystem
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==Primary source==
==Primary source==
Willman, H. B., Elwood Atherton, T. C. Buschbach, Charles Collinson, John C. Frye, M. E. Hopkins, Jerry A. Lineback, and Jack A. Simon, 1975, Handbook of Illinois Stratigraphy: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 95, 261 p.
Nelson, W.J., 2020, Pennsylvanian Subsystem in Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin (in press). <br>
Edited and figures drafted by Jennifer M. Obrad.


==Contributing author&#40;s&#41;==
==Contributing author&#40;s&#41;==
M. E. Hopkins and J. A. Simon
W.J. Nelson


==Name==
==Name==


===Original description===
===Original description===
The Francis Creek Shale Member of the Carbondale Formation (Savage, 1927, p. 309).
Savage (1927, p. 309) published a chart that showed the “Francis Creek shale and limestone” overlying the Colchester Coal. Wanless (1929, p. 49, 89) restricted the Francis Creek “to the soft gray shale between the coal and the black shale,” the definition that remains current.  


===Derivation===
===Derivation===
Named for Francis Creek in Fulton County.
The shale took its name from Francis Creek in Fulton County, Illinois. The origin of the name of the stream is unknown.  


===Other names===
===Other names===
None.


===History&#47;background===
===History&#47;background===
Usage of the name Francis Creek Shale has remained stable since 1929. This unit has received considerable renown because of its exceptional preservation of fossil land plants and soft-bodied animals in siderite concretions.


==Type section==
==Type section==
 
[[file:Penn_carbondale_4-21.jpg|250px|{{file:Penn_carbondale_4-21.jpg}}|thumb]]
===Type location===
===Type location===
The type locality is along the creek (NE SW 22, 5N-1E) (Wanless, 1929, p. 89; 1956, p. 10; 1957, p. 88, 203).
The section is a road cut on the west side of Francis Creek in the NE¼ SW¼ of sec. 22, T 5 N, R 1 E, Fulton County, on the Adair 7.5' quadrangle. A graphic version of the section is presented here (Figure 4-21). Wanless described the unit as being 39 ft 6 in. (12.0 m) thick and composed of shale that is “greenish gray, spheroidal weathering, lower 5 ft [1.5 m] slightly sandy, gray.” No further details from this site are on record.  


===Type author&#40;s&#41;===
===Type author&#40;s&#41;===
Wanless (1957, geologic section 36, p. 203).


===Type status===
===Type status===
The present condition of the outcrop is unknown.


==Reference section==
==Reference section==
 
[[file:Penn_carbondale_4-22.jpg|250px|{{file:Penn_carbondale_4-22.jpg}}|thumb]]
===Reference location===
===Reference location===
An excellent subsurface reference is Northern Illinois Gas borehole #PON-62, drilled in sec. 2, T 27 N, R 6 E, Livingston County, Illinois (ISGS county no. 699). The entire Francis Creek interval was cored and gamma-ray and resistivity logs were run. The Francis Creek is 38.5 ft (11.7 m) thick and occurs in the depth interval from 264.7 to 303.0 ft (80.7 to 92.4 m; Figure 4-22). The core contains abundant plant fossils.


===Reference author&#40;s&#41;===
===Reference author&#40;s&#41;===
Present report.


===Reference status===
===Reference status===
Logs of the #PON-62 borehole are filed in the Coal Section of the ISGS. Core is archived at the ISGS Geological Samples Library under call number C-4633.


==Stratigraphic relationships==
==Stratigraphic relationships==
The Francis Creek directly overlies the Colchester Coal and underlies the Mecca Quarry Shale. In some localities where the Francis Creek is thick, the Mecca Quarry is absent and the Purington Shale directly overlies the Francis Creek, making the Purington and Francis Creek difficult to differentiate.


==Extent and thickness==
==Extent and thickness==
The shale is more than 80 feet thick in northeastern Illinois. It forms a large clastic wedge that extends across the northern part of the area of Pennsylvanian rocks and thins out to the west and south (Smith, 1970). It has not been recognized in southern Illinois.
[[file:Penn_carbondale_4-23.jpg|250px|{{file:Penn_carbondale_4-23.jpg}}|left|thumb]]
[[file:Penn_carbondale_4-24.jpg|250px|{{file:Penn_carbondale_4-24.jpg}}|left|thumb]]
In the Illinois Basin, the Francis Creek Shale is confined to the northern half of Illinois. Decatur, Springfield, and Jacksonville are near the southern limit. An isopach map (Figure 4-23) shows that the thickest shale, more than 80 ft (24 m) thick, is at the northeast corner of the basin, an erosional limit. Kuecher et al. (1990) reported a maximum thickness of 34 m (112 ft) from cores near Braidwood in Grundy County. The unit thins westward and southward in an irregular fashion. Abrupt local thickness variation is the rule. Culver (1922) noted that the shale commonly thickens above depressions of the Colchester, and the coal itself thickens into these swales. Smith (1970) presented an example of pods of Francis Creek Shale confined to depressions in the coal (Figure 4-24).<br>
 
Small areas of Francis Creek have been mapped in Indiana and Kentucky, as well as in Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma, where the unit is called by different names. The shale attains a thickness well in excess of 100 ft (30 m) in Oklahoma (Wright 1965; Smith 1970).  


==Lithology==
==Lithology==
The shale is medium gray and silty. It is best known for the famous [[Francis_Creek_Shale_Member/Mazon_Creek_Fossil_Flora|Mazon Creek]] sideritic concretions that are found in the Kankakee-Will-Grundy Counties area and have yielded what is probably the best known Pennsylvanian flora in the United States (Noé, 1925). In Will County and at one place in Fulton County, concretions in the shale have a diverse fauna (Johnson and Richardson, 1970). The upper part of the Francis Creek commonly contains a few sandstone beds, probably equivalent to the Jake Creek Sandstone.
The Francis Creek has been studied more thoroughly than have most Pennsylvanian shale units, in part because of its association with an economic coal seam, but mostly because of its world-famous Mazon Creek fauna and flora.<br>
 
In most of its range, the Francis Creek is mudstone or weakly layered shale that is light to medium gray and clayey to finely silty. On the northeast, where the unit is thickest, it grades to siltstone and typically coarsens upward to sandstone. Sandstone also occurs as channels scoured into the shale. In the northeastern area, the Francis Creek commonly exhibits rhythmic pinstripe lamination with clearly defined tidal neap and spring cycles. These can be seen in vertically slabbed siderite concretions as well as in the shale itself (Kuecher et al. 1990; Archer et al. 1995). Bedding may be inclined to the top of the Colchester Coal, signifying prograding or laterally aggrading sediment wedges (Baird 1997, p. 35–51).  


==Core&#40;s&#41;==
==Core&#40;s&#41;==
Line 64: Line 77:


==Contacts==
==Contacts==
The lower contact, to the Colchester Coal, generally is sharp. The Mecca Quarry Shale in turn sharply overlies the Francis Creek, but where the Francis Creek is thicker than about 30 ft (9 m), the Mecca Quarry tends to be absent (Smith 1970).


==Well log characteristics==
==Well log characteristics==
Typical for gray shale, having low spontaneous potential and resistivity readings and moderate gamma-ray, density, and neutron readings.


==Fossils==
==Fossils==
Mazon Creek fossils occur in siderite (iron carbonate) concretions embedded in the shale. Initial discoveries were made in outcrops along Mazon Creek and nearby streams in Grundy County. Spoil banks and waste piles from coal mines subsequently provided collecting grounds that are still being exploited. It is noteworthy that amateurs collected the great bulk of Mazon Creek fossils. The Illinois State Fossil, ''Tullimonstrum gregarium'', or “Tully monster,” is an animal of unknown affinities that has been found nowhere else. Although somewhat overshadowed by the soft-bodied animals, the fossil flora has the largest number of species and greatest taxonomic diversity of any Paleozoic flora in North America (Peppers and Pfefferkorn 1970; Pfefferkorn 1979) and of any Moscovian (Westphalian D) assemblage in the world (Wittry 2006). A flora of equivalent age and preservation has been described from shale overlying the Henryetta Coal (Colchester equivalent) in Oklahoma (Moore et al. 2014).<br>
The Francis Creek also contains invertebrate fossils preserved in shale, not as concretions. In the northeastern corner of the outcrop belt, these are mostly bivalves that occur sparsely in the basal layers of the shale. A brackish to marine shelly fauna that includes ''Lingula'', ''Mesolobus'', and other articulate brachiopods; myalinid and nuculoid pelecypods; gastropods; ostracods; and conodonts has been identified in the lower part of the Francis Creek in western Illinois (Shabica 1970).<br>
Some authors have defined two distinct assemblages of Mazon Creek fossils. These are the Braidwood assemblage, restricted to the far northeastern area, and the more widely distributed Essex assemblage. More than 90% of Braidwood fossils are land plants, which are accompanied by coprolites, bivalves, ''Cyzicus'' (formerly called ''Estheria''), shark teeth and egg capsules, shrimp, horseshoe crabs, insects, spiders, millipedes, and centipedes. These fossils were derived from terrestrial and freshwater to slightly brackish-water environments. The Essex assemblage comprises jellyfish, marine bivalves, polychaetes and other marine worms, crustaceans, shrimp, holothurians, Tully monsters, and more, all indicative of more offshore but still brackish (not fully marine) conditions (Baird et al. 1985a, 1985b; Shabica and Hay 1997; Wittry 2012). However, Clements et al. (2018) contended that there is no evidence for a distinct truly fresh-water ecosystem and that the “Braidwood fauna” represent areas closer to the paleo-coastline, where rivers carried in plant and animal remains from upstream sources.


==Age and correlation==
==Age and correlation==
Ravn et al. (1984, p. 35–37) gave the name Oakley Shale Member to the predominantly marine shale interval above the Whitebreast [Colchester] Coal and below the Ardmore Limestone in Iowa. They reported that in southern Iowa, the Oakley is predominantly black, fissile, phosphatic shale, whereas in south-central Iowa, “plant fossil-bearing gray shales and siltstones that range up to 22 ft (6.7 m) thick” separate coal from black shale. Maintaining the same definition, Gentile and Thompson (2004) extended the Oakley Shale Member into Missouri. Both teams of authors correlated the black, fissile portion of the Oakley with the Mecca Quarry Shale in Illinois, but neither team acknowledged the similarity of the gray portion of the Oakley to the Francis Creek.<br>
In Kansas and Oklahoma, the Francis Creek analogue remains unnamed, although Howe (1956) acknowledged that gray shale overlying the Croweburg Coal in Kansas is equivalent to the Francis Creek. In Oklahoma, Hemish (1986) reported that where the shale ranges from about 10 to 50 ft (3 to 15 m) thick, the Croweburg Coal contains less than 1% sulfur and has a high heating value of more than 13,000 Btu/lb.


==Environments of deposition==
==Environments of deposition==
Baird (1997, p. 35–51) envisioned Francis Creek Shale accumulating as deltas that rapidly prograded into an embayment or estuary that opened outward toward the west. Rhythmic lamination patterns indicate semidiurnal mesotidal to macrotidal ranges, that is, twice-daily tides with a moderate to high tidal range (Kuecher et al. 1990; Archer et al. 1995). The preservation of upright tree trunks, sideways leaves, escape burrows, and soft-bodied animals demands “near torrential sediment aggradation” comparable to that experienced today in areas of clear-cut timbering (Baird et al. 1985a, 1985b). By counting neap–spring tidal cycles in the Braidwood area, Kuecher et al. (1990) determined an average sedimentation rate of 3.3 ft (1.0 m) per year. Such a phenomenal rate of burial helps explain the preservation of soft-bodied organisms. These authors also visualized the setting as an estuary. Clements et al. (2018) interpreted the setting as “a marine bay where allochthonous terrestrial and native marine organisms were buried in an environment favourable for siderite concretion formation.” Their discussion of the fossilization process is one of the most complete to be found in the literature. 


==Economic importance==
==Economic importance==
Mazon Creek fossils possess monetary and scientific value.


==Remarks==
==Remarks==


==References==
==References==
JOHNSON, R. G., and E. S. RICHARDSON, JR., 1970, Fauna of the Francis Creek Shale in the Wilmington area: Illinois State Geological Survey Guidebook Series 8, p. 53-60.<br>
*Archer, A.W., G.J. Kuecher, and E.P. Kvale, 1995, The role of tidal-velocity asymmetries in the deposition of silty tidal rhythmites (Carboniferous, Eastern Interior coal basin, USA): Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. A65, no. 2, p. 408–416.<br>
NOÉ, A. C., 1925, Pennsylvanian flora of northern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 52, 113 p.<br>
*Baird, G.C., 1997, Paleoenvironmental setting of the Mazon Creek biota, ''in'' C.W. Shabica and A.A. Hay, eds., 1997, Richardson’s guide to the fossil fauna of Mazon Creek: Chicago, Northeastern Illinois University, p. 35–51.<br>
SAVAGE, T. E., 1927, Significant breaks and overlaps in the Pennsylvanian rocks of Illinois: American Journal of Science, v. 14, p. 307-316.<br>
*Baird, G.C., S.D. Sroka, C.W. Shabica, and T.L. Beard, 1985a, Mazon Creek-type fossil assemblages in the U.S. midcontinent Pennsylvanian: Their recurrent character and palaeoenvironmental significance: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, v. 311, p. 87–99.<br>
SMITH, W. H., 1970, Lithology and distribution of the Francis Creek Shale in Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Guidebook Series 8, p. 34.<br>
*Baird, G.C., C.W. Shabica., J.L. Anderson, and E.S. Richardson Jr., 1985b, Biota of a Pennsylvanian muddy coast: Habitats within the Mazonian delta complex, northeast Illinois: Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, no. 2, p. 253–281.<br>
WANLESS, H. R., 1929, Geology and mineral resources of the Alexis Quadrangle: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 57, 230 p.<br>
*Clements, T., M. Purnell, and S. Gabbott, 2018, The Mazon Creek Lagerstätte: a diverse late Paleozoic ecosystem entombed within siderite concretions: Journal of the Geological Society of London, https://www.dropbox.com/s/xyg925xyve06xs1/ClementsEtAl%20MazonCreekEcosystem%20JGeolSocLond%202018.pdf?dl=0.<br>
WANLESS, H. R., 1956, Classification of the Pennsylvanian rocks of Illinois as of 1956: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 217, 14 p.<br>
*Culver, H.E., 1922, Geology and mineral resources of the Morris Quadrangle: Illinois State Geological Survey, Bulletin 43, p. 95–204 and 2 maps, 1:62,500.<br>
WANLESS, H. R., 1957, Geology and mineral resources of the Beardstown, Glasford, Havana, and Vermont Quadrangles: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 82, 233 p.
*Gentile, R.J., and T.L. Thompson, 2004, Paleozoic succession in Missouri, Part 5, Pennsylvanian Subsystem, Volume A, Morrowan strata through Cherokee Group: Missouri Geological Survey, Report of Investigations 70, 241 p. and correlation chart.<br>
*Hemish, L.A., 1986, Coal geology of Craig County and eastern Nowata County, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological Survey, Bulletin 140, 131 p.<br>
*Howe, W.B., 1956, Stratigraphy of pre-Marmaton (Cherokee) rocks in southeastern Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 123, 132 p.<br>
*Korose, C.P., S.D. Elrick, and R.J. Jacobson, 2003, Availability of the Colchester Coal for mining in northern and western Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois Minerals 127, 21 p.<br>
*Kuecher, G.J., B.G. Woodland, and F.M. Broadhurst, 1990, Evidence of deposition from individual tides and of tidal cycles from the Francis Creek Shale (host rock to the Mazon Creek biota), Westphalian D (Pennsylvanian), northeastern Illinois: Sedimentary Geology, v. 68, p. 211–221.<br>
*Moore, L.C., J. Wittry, and W.A. DiMichele, 2014, The Okmulgee, Oklahoma fossil flora, a Mazon Creek equivalent: spatial conservatism in the composition of Middle Pennsylvanian wetland vegetation over 1100 km: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 200, p. 24–52.<br>
*Peppers, R.A., and H.W. Pfefferkorn, 1970, A comparison of the floras of the Colchester (No. 2) Coal and Francis Creek Shale: Illinois State Geological Survey, Guidebook Series 8, p. 61–73.<br>
*Pfefferkorn, H.W., 1979, High diversity and stratigraphic age of the Mazon Creek flora: ''in'' M.H. Nitecki (ed.), Mazon Creek Fossils: New York, Academic Press, p. 129–142.<br>
*Ravn, R.L., J.W. Swade, M.R. Howes, J.L. Gregory, R.R. Anderson, and P.E. Van Dorpe, 1984, Stratigraphy of the Cherokee Group and revision of Pennsylvanian stratigraphic nomenclature in Iowa: Iowa Geological Survey, Technical Information Series No. 12, 76 p.<br>
*Savage, T.E., 1927, Significant breaks and overlaps in the Pennsylvanian rocks of Illinois: American Journal of Science, v. 14, p. 307–318.<br>
*Shabica, C.W., 1970, Depositional environments in the Francis Creek Shale: Illinois State Geological Survey, Guidebook Series 8, p. 43–52.<br>
*Shabica, C.W., and A.A. Hay, eds., 1997, Richardson’s guide to the fossil fauna of Mazon Creek: Chicago, Northeastern Illinois University, 308 p.<br>
*Smith, W.H., 1970, Lithology and distribution of the Francis Creek Shale in Illinois, ''in'' W.H. Smith, R.B. Nance, M.E. Hopkins, R.G. Johnson, and C.W. Shabica, eds., Depositional environments in parts of the Carbondale Formation—Western and northern Illinois: Francis Creek Shale and associated strata and Mazon Creek biota: Illinois State Geological Survey, Guidebook Series 8, p. 34–42.<br>
*Smith, W.H., R.B. Nance, M.E. Hopkins, R.G. Johnson, and C.W. Shabica, eds., 1970, Depositional environments in parts of the Carbondale Formation—western and northern Illinois: Francis Creek Shale and associated strata and Mazon Creek biota: Illinois State Geological Survey, Guidebook Series No. 8, 125 p.<br>
*Wanless, H.R., 1929, Geology and mineral resources of the Alexis Quadrangle: Illinois State Geological Survey, Bulletin 57, 230 p., 4 pls.<br>
*Wanless, H.R., 1957, Geology and mineral resources of the Beardstown, Glasford, Havana, and Vermont Quadrangles: Illinois State Geological Survey, Bulletin 82, 233 p.<br>
*Wittry, J., 2006, The Mazon Creek fossil flora: Downers Grove, Earth Science Club of Northern Illinois, 154 p.<br>
*Wittry, J., 2012, The Mazon Creek fossil fauna: Downers Grove, Earth Science Club of Northern Illinois, 202 p.<br>
*Wright, C.R., 1965, Environmental mapping of the beds of the Liverpool cyclothem in the Illinois Basin and equivalent strata of the northern mid-continent region: Urbana, University of Illinois, Ph.D. thesis, 100 p.<br>


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[[Category:Mazon Creek]]

Revision as of 18:48, 5 February 2021

Lithostratigraphy: Carbondale Formation >>Francis Creek Shale Member
Chronostratigraphy: Paleozoic Erathem >>Pennsylvanian Subsystem >>Desmoinesian Series
Allostratigraphy: Absaroka Sequence

Primary source

Nelson, W.J., 2020, Pennsylvanian Subsystem in Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin (in press).
Edited and figures drafted by Jennifer M. Obrad.

Contributing author(s)

W.J. Nelson

Name

Original description

Savage (1927, p. 309) published a chart that showed the “Francis Creek shale and limestone” overlying the Colchester Coal. Wanless (1929, p. 49, 89) restricted the Francis Creek “to the soft gray shale between the coal and the black shale,” the definition that remains current.

Derivation

The shale took its name from Francis Creek in Fulton County, Illinois. The origin of the name of the stream is unknown.

Other names

None.

History/background

Usage of the name Francis Creek Shale has remained stable since 1929. This unit has received considerable renown because of its exceptional preservation of fossil land plants and soft-bodied animals in siderite concretions.

Type section

Figure 4-21. Type section of the Francis Creek Shale. Modified from Wanless (1957). Copyright © 1957 University of Illinois Board of Trustees.

Type location

The section is a road cut on the west side of Francis Creek in the NE¼ SW¼ of sec. 22, T 5 N, R 1 E, Fulton County, on the Adair 7.5' quadrangle. A graphic version of the section is presented here (Figure 4-21). Wanless described the unit as being 39 ft 6 in. (12.0 m) thick and composed of shale that is “greenish gray, spheroidal weathering, lower 5 ft [1.5 m] slightly sandy, gray.” No further details from this site are on record.

Type author(s)

Wanless (1957, geologic section 36, p. 203).

Type status

The present condition of the outcrop is unknown.

Reference section

Figure 4-22. Log of Northern Illinois Gas borehole PON-62 in sec. 2, T 27 N, R 6 E, Livingston County, Illinois. This is a reference section for the Francis Creek Shale Member. © University of Illinois Board of Trustees.

Reference location

An excellent subsurface reference is Northern Illinois Gas borehole #PON-62, drilled in sec. 2, T 27 N, R 6 E, Livingston County, Illinois (ISGS county no. 699). The entire Francis Creek interval was cored and gamma-ray and resistivity logs were run. The Francis Creek is 38.5 ft (11.7 m) thick and occurs in the depth interval from 264.7 to 303.0 ft (80.7 to 92.4 m; Figure 4-22). The core contains abundant plant fossils.

Reference author(s)

Present report.

Reference status

Logs of the #PON-62 borehole are filed in the Coal Section of the ISGS. Core is archived at the ISGS Geological Samples Library under call number C-4633.

Stratigraphic relationships

The Francis Creek directly overlies the Colchester Coal and underlies the Mecca Quarry Shale. In some localities where the Francis Creek is thick, the Mecca Quarry is absent and the Purington Shale directly overlies the Francis Creek, making the Purington and Francis Creek difficult to differentiate.

Extent and thickness

Figure 4-23. Isopach map of the Francis Creek Shale. From Korose et al. (2003), modified from Smith et. al (1970). Copyright © 1970, 2003 University of Illinois Board of Trustees.
Figure 4-24. Pods of Francis Creek Shale above depressions in the Colchester Coal as exposed on the highwall at United Electric Coal Companies Banner Mine, SE1/4, NW1/4, sec. 12, T 6 N, R 5 E, Fulton County, Illinois. From Smith et al. (1970). Copyright © 1970 University of Illinois Board of Trustees.

In the Illinois Basin, the Francis Creek Shale is confined to the northern half of Illinois. Decatur, Springfield, and Jacksonville are near the southern limit. An isopach map (Figure 4-23) shows that the thickest shale, more than 80 ft (24 m) thick, is at the northeast corner of the basin, an erosional limit. Kuecher et al. (1990) reported a maximum thickness of 34 m (112 ft) from cores near Braidwood in Grundy County. The unit thins westward and southward in an irregular fashion. Abrupt local thickness variation is the rule. Culver (1922) noted that the shale commonly thickens above depressions of the Colchester, and the coal itself thickens into these swales. Smith (1970) presented an example of pods of Francis Creek Shale confined to depressions in the coal (Figure 4-24).

Small areas of Francis Creek have been mapped in Indiana and Kentucky, as well as in Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma, where the unit is called by different names. The shale attains a thickness well in excess of 100 ft (30 m) in Oklahoma (Wright 1965; Smith 1970).

Lithology

The Francis Creek has been studied more thoroughly than have most Pennsylvanian shale units, in part because of its association with an economic coal seam, but mostly because of its world-famous Mazon Creek fauna and flora.

In most of its range, the Francis Creek is mudstone or weakly layered shale that is light to medium gray and clayey to finely silty. On the northeast, where the unit is thickest, it grades to siltstone and typically coarsens upward to sandstone. Sandstone also occurs as channels scoured into the shale. In the northeastern area, the Francis Creek commonly exhibits rhythmic pinstripe lamination with clearly defined tidal neap and spring cycles. These can be seen in vertically slabbed siderite concretions as well as in the shale itself (Kuecher et al. 1990; Archer et al. 1995). Bedding may be inclined to the top of the Colchester Coal, signifying prograding or laterally aggrading sediment wedges (Baird 1997, p. 35–51).

Core(s)

Photograph(s)

Contacts

The lower contact, to the Colchester Coal, generally is sharp. The Mecca Quarry Shale in turn sharply overlies the Francis Creek, but where the Francis Creek is thicker than about 30 ft (9 m), the Mecca Quarry tends to be absent (Smith 1970).

Well log characteristics

Typical for gray shale, having low spontaneous potential and resistivity readings and moderate gamma-ray, density, and neutron readings.

Fossils

Mazon Creek fossils occur in siderite (iron carbonate) concretions embedded in the shale. Initial discoveries were made in outcrops along Mazon Creek and nearby streams in Grundy County. Spoil banks and waste piles from coal mines subsequently provided collecting grounds that are still being exploited. It is noteworthy that amateurs collected the great bulk of Mazon Creek fossils. The Illinois State Fossil, Tullimonstrum gregarium, or “Tully monster,” is an animal of unknown affinities that has been found nowhere else. Although somewhat overshadowed by the soft-bodied animals, the fossil flora has the largest number of species and greatest taxonomic diversity of any Paleozoic flora in North America (Peppers and Pfefferkorn 1970; Pfefferkorn 1979) and of any Moscovian (Westphalian D) assemblage in the world (Wittry 2006). A flora of equivalent age and preservation has been described from shale overlying the Henryetta Coal (Colchester equivalent) in Oklahoma (Moore et al. 2014).

The Francis Creek also contains invertebrate fossils preserved in shale, not as concretions. In the northeastern corner of the outcrop belt, these are mostly bivalves that occur sparsely in the basal layers of the shale. A brackish to marine shelly fauna that includes Lingula, Mesolobus, and other articulate brachiopods; myalinid and nuculoid pelecypods; gastropods; ostracods; and conodonts has been identified in the lower part of the Francis Creek in western Illinois (Shabica 1970).

Some authors have defined two distinct assemblages of Mazon Creek fossils. These are the Braidwood assemblage, restricted to the far northeastern area, and the more widely distributed Essex assemblage. More than 90% of Braidwood fossils are land plants, which are accompanied by coprolites, bivalves, Cyzicus (formerly called Estheria), shark teeth and egg capsules, shrimp, horseshoe crabs, insects, spiders, millipedes, and centipedes. These fossils were derived from terrestrial and freshwater to slightly brackish-water environments. The Essex assemblage comprises jellyfish, marine bivalves, polychaetes and other marine worms, crustaceans, shrimp, holothurians, Tully monsters, and more, all indicative of more offshore but still brackish (not fully marine) conditions (Baird et al. 1985a, 1985b; Shabica and Hay 1997; Wittry 2012). However, Clements et al. (2018) contended that there is no evidence for a distinct truly fresh-water ecosystem and that the “Braidwood fauna” represent areas closer to the paleo-coastline, where rivers carried in plant and animal remains from upstream sources.

Age and correlation

Ravn et al. (1984, p. 35–37) gave the name Oakley Shale Member to the predominantly marine shale interval above the Whitebreast [Colchester] Coal and below the Ardmore Limestone in Iowa. They reported that in southern Iowa, the Oakley is predominantly black, fissile, phosphatic shale, whereas in south-central Iowa, “plant fossil-bearing gray shales and siltstones that range up to 22 ft (6.7 m) thick” separate coal from black shale. Maintaining the same definition, Gentile and Thompson (2004) extended the Oakley Shale Member into Missouri. Both teams of authors correlated the black, fissile portion of the Oakley with the Mecca Quarry Shale in Illinois, but neither team acknowledged the similarity of the gray portion of the Oakley to the Francis Creek.

In Kansas and Oklahoma, the Francis Creek analogue remains unnamed, although Howe (1956) acknowledged that gray shale overlying the Croweburg Coal in Kansas is equivalent to the Francis Creek. In Oklahoma, Hemish (1986) reported that where the shale ranges from about 10 to 50 ft (3 to 15 m) thick, the Croweburg Coal contains less than 1% sulfur and has a high heating value of more than 13,000 Btu/lb.

Environments of deposition

Baird (1997, p. 35–51) envisioned Francis Creek Shale accumulating as deltas that rapidly prograded into an embayment or estuary that opened outward toward the west. Rhythmic lamination patterns indicate semidiurnal mesotidal to macrotidal ranges, that is, twice-daily tides with a moderate to high tidal range (Kuecher et al. 1990; Archer et al. 1995). The preservation of upright tree trunks, sideways leaves, escape burrows, and soft-bodied animals demands “near torrential sediment aggradation” comparable to that experienced today in areas of clear-cut timbering (Baird et al. 1985a, 1985b). By counting neap–spring tidal cycles in the Braidwood area, Kuecher et al. (1990) determined an average sedimentation rate of 3.3 ft (1.0 m) per year. Such a phenomenal rate of burial helps explain the preservation of soft-bodied organisms. These authors also visualized the setting as an estuary. Clements et al. (2018) interpreted the setting as “a marine bay where allochthonous terrestrial and native marine organisms were buried in an environment favourable for siderite concretion formation.” Their discussion of the fossilization process is one of the most complete to be found in the literature.

Economic importance

Mazon Creek fossils possess monetary and scientific value.

Remarks

References

  • Archer, A.W., G.J. Kuecher, and E.P. Kvale, 1995, The role of tidal-velocity asymmetries in the deposition of silty tidal rhythmites (Carboniferous, Eastern Interior coal basin, USA): Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. A65, no. 2, p. 408–416.
  • Baird, G.C., 1997, Paleoenvironmental setting of the Mazon Creek biota, in C.W. Shabica and A.A. Hay, eds., 1997, Richardson’s guide to the fossil fauna of Mazon Creek: Chicago, Northeastern Illinois University, p. 35–51.
  • Baird, G.C., S.D. Sroka, C.W. Shabica, and T.L. Beard, 1985a, Mazon Creek-type fossil assemblages in the U.S. midcontinent Pennsylvanian: Their recurrent character and palaeoenvironmental significance: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, v. 311, p. 87–99.
  • Baird, G.C., C.W. Shabica., J.L. Anderson, and E.S. Richardson Jr., 1985b, Biota of a Pennsylvanian muddy coast: Habitats within the Mazonian delta complex, northeast Illinois: Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, no. 2, p. 253–281.
  • Clements, T., M. Purnell, and S. Gabbott, 2018, The Mazon Creek Lagerstätte: a diverse late Paleozoic ecosystem entombed within siderite concretions: Journal of the Geological Society of London, https://www.dropbox.com/s/xyg925xyve06xs1/ClementsEtAl%20MazonCreekEcosystem%20JGeolSocLond%202018.pdf?dl=0.
  • Culver, H.E., 1922, Geology and mineral resources of the Morris Quadrangle: Illinois State Geological Survey, Bulletin 43, p. 95–204 and 2 maps, 1:62,500.
  • Gentile, R.J., and T.L. Thompson, 2004, Paleozoic succession in Missouri, Part 5, Pennsylvanian Subsystem, Volume A, Morrowan strata through Cherokee Group: Missouri Geological Survey, Report of Investigations 70, 241 p. and correlation chart.
  • Hemish, L.A., 1986, Coal geology of Craig County and eastern Nowata County, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological Survey, Bulletin 140, 131 p.
  • Howe, W.B., 1956, Stratigraphy of pre-Marmaton (Cherokee) rocks in southeastern Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 123, 132 p.
  • Korose, C.P., S.D. Elrick, and R.J. Jacobson, 2003, Availability of the Colchester Coal for mining in northern and western Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois Minerals 127, 21 p.
  • Kuecher, G.J., B.G. Woodland, and F.M. Broadhurst, 1990, Evidence of deposition from individual tides and of tidal cycles from the Francis Creek Shale (host rock to the Mazon Creek biota), Westphalian D (Pennsylvanian), northeastern Illinois: Sedimentary Geology, v. 68, p. 211–221.
  • Moore, L.C., J. Wittry, and W.A. DiMichele, 2014, The Okmulgee, Oklahoma fossil flora, a Mazon Creek equivalent: spatial conservatism in the composition of Middle Pennsylvanian wetland vegetation over 1100 km: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 200, p. 24–52.
  • Peppers, R.A., and H.W. Pfefferkorn, 1970, A comparison of the floras of the Colchester (No. 2) Coal and Francis Creek Shale: Illinois State Geological Survey, Guidebook Series 8, p. 61–73.
  • Pfefferkorn, H.W., 1979, High diversity and stratigraphic age of the Mazon Creek flora: in M.H. Nitecki (ed.), Mazon Creek Fossils: New York, Academic Press, p. 129–142.
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  • Wright, C.R., 1965, Environmental mapping of the beds of the Liverpool cyclothem in the Illinois Basin and equivalent strata of the northern mid-continent region: Urbana, University of Illinois, Ph.D. thesis, 100 p.

ISGS Codes

Stratigraphic Code Geo Unit Designation
3000
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